Sociology Midterm Chapters 1-7

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Sociology Midterm Chapters 1-7 81 Test questions from chapters 1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7. Assignment Closed 1. In its totality, sociology can be regarded as the study of _____ that influences us. ● a. economics ● b. politics ● c. social work ● d. social forces ✓ Topic covered in 1.0 Report a problem 2. Sociologists believe that we can understand various points of view by studying a variety of societies. ● a. True ✓ ● b. False Topic covered in current section Report a problem 3. _____ described the “sociological imagination” as the ability to see how, together, history and biography influence our lives. ● a. Marx ● b. Durkheim ● c. Mills ✓ ● d. Merton Topic covered in current section Report a problem 4. In sociology, what is the context in which people can be understood? ● a. Through the individual psyches of members of a society ● b. Through the genetic makeup of all members of a society ● c. Through their social interactions and cultural contexts ✓ ● d. Through their personal biographies Topic covered in current section Report a problem 5. Which of the following is a component of the sociological imagination? ● a. The idea that human behavior is rooted in science ● b. An understanding of the influence of history and biography on interaction ✓ ● c. A conscious effort to reinforce social stereotypes and prejudices ● d. The idea that sociologists are imaginative Topic covered in current section Report a problem 6. At the macrosociological level, what are sociologists trying to understand? ● a. Large-scale structures and processes ✓ ● b. The interaction pattern of groups ● c. The behavior of individuals ● d. The total person

Topic covered in current section Report a problem 7. Capital punishment deters crime. ● a. True ● b. False ✓ Topic covered in current section Report a problem 8. When reading a table, sociologists should check the source of the information. ● a. True ✓ ● b. False Topic covered in current section Report a problem 9. Sociologists use tables in their research to do all of the following EXCEPT _____? ● a. present their findings ● b. visually illustrate statements they make ✗ ● c. disprove psychological theories ✓ ● d. show comparisons Topic covered in current section Report a problem 10. What is the primary difference between sociology and psychology? ● a. Sociology focuses on external factors, while psychology focuses on internal factors. ✓ ● b. Sociology focuses on group dynamics, while psychology focuses on one-on-one interactions. ● c. Sociology focuses on the individual in society, while psychology focuses on the individual in private life. ● d. Sociology focuses on social structures and group interactions, while psychology focuses on the urges, instincts, and mind of the individual. ✗ Topic covered in current section Report a problem 11. The social sciences are just as natural as those the biological sciences embrace. ● a. True ✓ ● b. False Topic covered in current section Report a problem 12. What is sociology? ● a. A sub-discipline of anthropology ● b. A physical science ● c. A sub-discipline of economics ● d. A social science ✓ Topic covered in current section Report a problem 13. Which of the following is psychology’s primary focus? ● a. Individual mental processes and behavior ✓

● b. Psychotic behavior ● c. Rates of mental illness ● d. Economic deprivation Topic covered in current section Report a problem 14. What is social work? ● a. The periodic meeting of a work group for social activities ● b. The field in which theories of socialism are applied to contemporary society ● c. The field in which the principles of the social sciences are applied to social problems ✓ ● d. The field that studies social relationships Topic covered in current section Report a problem 15. Which of the following is NOT an area sociologists might study? ● a. Prejudice ● b. Symbolism in literature ✓ ● c. Health care ✗ ● d. Unemployment Topic covered in current section Report a problem 16. Comte first called the new social science “social studies.” ● a. True ● b. False ✓ Topic covered in 2.1 Report a problem 17. Comte promoted using _____, or the use of observation and experiments, to discover the basic laws of society. ● a. empiricism ✓ ● b. social statics ● c. theory ● d. social facts Topic covered in 2.1 Report a problem 18. Herbert Spencer coined the term “survival of the fittest.” ● a. True ✓ ● b. False Topic covered in 2.1 Report a problem 19. Although Charles Darwin is often thought to have created the phrase “survival of the fittest,” it was actually Herbert Spencer who did so. Both men, however, believed in the idea of _____, although Darwin applied this to the biological world, and Spencer applied it to human society. ● a. evolution ● b. democracy ● c. relativism

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● d. totalitarianism Topic covered in 2.1 Report a problem 20. What did Marx believe to be at the core of every society? ● a. Industrialization ● b. Social conflict ✓ ● c. Education ● d. Religion Topic covered in 2.1 Report a problem 21. Marx based his theory on the assumption that the organization of society is determined by its economic structure. ● a. True ✓ ● b. False Topic covered in 2.1 Report a problem 22. Marx believed that the bourgeoisie were oppressed and needed to develop class consciousness. ● a. True ● b. False ✓ Topic covered in 2.1 Report a problem 23. Durkheim concluded that suicide is what kind of phenomenon? ● a. Economic ● b. Psychological ● c. Religious ● d. Social ✓ Topic covered in 2.1 Report a problem 24. Weber argued that determining social class was a _____ process involving how we perceive power, wealth, and prestige. ● a. subjective ✓ ● b. objective ● c. positivist ● d. empirical Topic covered in 2.1 Report a problem 25. Although never recognized by the male-dominated discipline of sociology, _____ engaged in original sociological research and is considered one of the earliest founders of sociological thought and research. ● a. Jane Addams ● b. Alexandra Tocqueville ● c. Harriet Martineau ✓ ● d. Jean Lenski Topic covered in 2.1 Report a problem

26. If a person is perceived to have knowledge because of her experience or position, it is called _____. ● a. authority ✓ ● b. cultural tradition ● c. faith ● d. science Topic covered in 3.1 Report a problem 27. What do most sociologists rely on to understand social life? ● a. Tradition and common sense ● b. Intuition and revelation ● c. Empirical evidence ✓ ● d. Hearsay and official pronouncements Topic covered in 3.1 Report a problem 28. Culture is a system of ideas, values, beliefs, knowledge, norms, customs, and technology shared by almost everyone in a society. ● a. True ✓ ● b. False Topic covered in 4.1 Report a problem 29. The attitude that one’s culture is superior to the culture of others is called ______. ● a. cultural relativism ● b. culture shock ● c. ethnocentrism ✓ ● d. xenocentrism Topic covered in 4.1 Report a problem 30. If Americans feel confused, dumbfounded, and outraged while visiting a foreign country, what are they experiencing? ● a. Cultural relativism ● b. Culture shock ✓ ● c. Ethnocentrism ● d. Xenocentrism Topic covered in 4.1 Report a problem 31. Cultural relativism asks us to examine cultures in their own terms and not according to the standards of our own culture. ● a. True ✓ ● b. False Topic covered in 4.1 Report a problem 32. Which of the following is an example of an ascribed status? ● a. Woman ✓

● b. Parent ● c. Teacher ● d. Coach Topic covered in 5.1 Report a problem 33. Socialization includes the process of learning one’s culture. ● a. True ✓ ● b. False ✗ Topic covered in 6.1 Report a problem 34. One reason deviance can be considered positive is that it can identify the social boundaries between what is considered right and wrong. ● a. True ✓ ● b. False Topic covered in 7.1 Report a problem 35. What is deviance? ● a. Immoral behavior ● b. Mental illness ● c. Behavior stemming from conflicting values ● d. Behavior that violates social norms ✓ Topic covered in 7.1 Report a problem 36. Which of the following is the most likely reason that the wild boy of Aveyron had different ways of doing things? ● a. He was born different. ● b. He learned different things when he lived in the wild. ✓ ● c. He was rebellious when he was captured and would not cooperate. ● d. He had a physical disability. Topic covered in 6.2 Report a problem 37. Children who have been isolated develop slowly because of lack of human interaction. ● a. True ✓ ● b. False Topic covered in 6.2 Report a problem 38. According to the social-pathological view of deviance, where does deviance originate? ● a. Moral depravity ● b. Misunderstanding of norms ● c. An unhealthy society ✓ ● d. A complete rejection of norms Topic covered in 7.2 Report a problem 39. According to Merton, functions that are intended and recognized in a social system are _____.

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● a. manifest functions ✓ ● b. latent functions ● c. dysfunctions ● d. primary functions Topic covered in 2.3 Report a problem 40. How does structural functional theory define the concept of structure? ● a. As any purpose of the social system ● b. As any person in the social system ● c. As any part of the social system ✓ ● d. As any institution in a society ✗ Topic covered in 2.3 Report a problem 41. Structural functional theorists regard society as potentially being in a state of equilibrium, while conflict theorists regard society as being in a constant state of competition and change. ● a. True ✓ ● b. False Topic covered in 2.3 Report a problem 42. Conflict theory has a _____ orientation. ● a. microsociological ● b. macrosociological ✓ ● c. pseudosociological ● d. parasociological Topic covered in 2.3 Report a problem 43. What are theories? ● a. Facts that are widely held to be true ● b. Opinions that have a grassroots’ beginning ● c. Research into the physical sciences ● d. Sets of interrelated statements or propositions used to explain social phenomena ✓ Topic covered in 2.3 Report a problem 44. Symbolic interactionism has a macrosociological orientation ● a. True ● b. False ✓ Topic covered in 2.3 Report a problem 45. Recognizing the correct bathroom to use demonstrates the human ability to use symbols. ● a. True ✓ ● b. False Topic covered in 2.3 Report a problem

46. Symbolic interaction theory has a _____ orientation. ● a. microsociological ✓ ● b. macrosociological ● c. functional ● d. dysfunctional Topic covered in 2.3 Report a problem 47. How do symbolic interactionists view society? ● a. It exists physically. ✗ ● b. It exists outside the individual. ● c. It exists inside the individual. ✓ ● d. It exists structurally. Topic covered in 2.3 Report a problem 48. What is the central issue in feminist theory? ● a. Economic inequality ● b. Class inequality ● c. Gender inequality ✓ ● d. Age inequality Topic covered in 2.3 Report a problem 49. Concepts that have two or more values are called variables ● a. True ✓ ● b. False Topic covered in 3.3 Report a problem 50. What is one of the first things researchers need to do before doing research? ● a. Identify the problems or questions that need to be studied ✓ ● b. Project the findings that result from the study ● c. Determine whether the research will be used to better society or if it’s a waste of money ● d. Determine if the study will be able to be published Topic covered in 3.3 Report a problem 51. What is a reason concepts can be a difficult medium with which to work? ● a. They may have different meanings to different people at different times ✓ ● b. They can’t be explained to individuals not from the US. ● c. They are impossible to measure. ● d. They are never the same for different groups of people. ✗ Topic covered in 3.3 Report a problem 52. What is operationalization? ● a. The process of doing field research

● b. The process of making an abstract concept measurable ✓ ● c. The process of analyzing data using a computer program ● d. The process of doing phone interviewing Topic covered in 3.3 Report a problem 53. Conducting a literature review as an early step in the research process is important for which of the following reasons? ● a. It enables researchers to find out what research has been done on the topic of the investigation, helping them to ask relevant questions, develop a methodology, and be in touch with the concerns of the discipline. ✓ ● b. It helps researchers relax prior to conducting research so they can give their full energy and focus to the research project. ● c. It helps researchers become social critics, able to assess their own and others’ research in an objective and credible fashion. ● d. It helps the researcher find parallels between social issues and the great works of English literature, which can be useful when conducting in-depth interviews and focus groups. Topic covered in 3.3 Report a problem 54. The statement, “Success in college is positively related to class attendance” is a research question. ● a. True ● b. False ✓ Topic covered in 3.3 Report a problem 55. Qualitative methods use research questions, and quantitative methods use _____. ● a. hypotheses ✓ ● b. operationalization ● c. reliability ● d. variance Topic covered in 3.3 Report a problem 56. Students who regularly attend classes earn a higher GPA than those who don’t regularly attend classes. This is an example of a _____. ● a. research question ● b. variable ● c. hypothesis ✓ ● d. survey Topic covered in 3.3 Report a problem 57. The variable that causes an effect is the _____ variable. ● a. valid ● b. independent ✓ ● c. dependent ✗ ● d. reliable

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Topic covered in 3.3 Report a problem 58. Research using data collected for some other purpose is called observational research. ● a. True ● b. False ✓ Topic covered in 3.3 Report a problem 59. When sociologists use the term methodology, what do they mean? ● a. The rules and guidelines followed in research ✓ ● b. The number and kind of variables selected for the research ● c. The forms of statistical techniques that will be used in the research ● d. The theoretical perspective that will be chosen to guide the research Topic covered in 3.3 Report a problem 60. What does participant observation mean? ● a. Taking part in the activities of the subjects they are watching ✓ ● b. Using existing information that was gathered or exists independently of one’s own research ● c. Setting up an experiment where you introduce an independent variable into the experimental group and compare it to a control group ● d. Asking people questions about what you’re studying Topic covered in 3.3 Report a problem 61. In ethnographic research, what is studied? ● a. Already collected data ● b. Surveys of people ● c. An entire culture or subculture of people ✓ ● d. Experimental data Topic covered in 3.3 Report a problem 62. What is the most frequently used procedure to obtain information about the social world? ● a. Ethnographic research ● b. Survey research ✓ ● c. Experimental research ● d. Participant research Topic covered in 3.3 Report a problem 63. What does secondary analysis refer to? ● a. Reviewing the literature ● b. Rechecking an analysis ● c. Using data collected for some other purpose ✓ ● d. Replication of the original research Topic covered in 3.3 Report a problem 64. What is the Hawthorne effect?

● a. A technique for replicating research data ● b. When people’s behavior changes when they realize they are being studied ✓ ● c. A research methodology that uses case studies ● d. A way to guarantee validity Topic covered in 3.3 Report a problem 65. Social institutions are stable systems of values, norms, statuses, and roles that are necessary for social systems to survive. ● a. True ✓ ● b. False Topic covered in 4.3 Report a problem 66. Which of the following is an example of a non-social group? ● a. Statistical groups ✓ ● b. Reference groups ● c. Primary groups ● d. Secondary groups Topic covered in 5.3 Report a problem 67. Role-taking is learned by pretending to be someone else. ● a. True ✓ ● b. False Topic covered in 6.3 Report a problem 68. The looking-glass self is based on our interpretation of how we are seen by others. ● a. True ✓ ● b. False Topic covered in 6.3 Report a problem 69. The looking-glass self is based on our interpretation of which of the following? ● a. Our parents morals ● b. How we believe we ought to behave ● c. How we believe we are seen by others ✓ ● d. Our parents religious teachings Topic covered in 6.3 Report a problem 70. _____ occur when members conform to the norms because they believe they should and not because anyone is there forcing them to. ● a. Internal controls ✓ ● b. Positive sanctions ● c. External controls ● d. Informal controls Topic covered in 7.3 Report a problem

71. Which of the following attempts to explain why things do or don’t happen by examining the relationship between social variables? ● a. Descriptive research ● b. Explanatory research ✓ ● c. Evaluative research ● d. Exploratory studies Topic covered in 3.4 Report a problem 72. The major agents of socialization include family, peers, school, and the mass media. ● a. True ✓ ● b. False Topic covered in 6.4 Report a problem 73. When sociologists use a relativistic approach to deviance, what are they suggesting? ● a. The identification of what is deviant is universal. ● b. Deviance can only be interpreted within its sociocultural context. ✓ ● c. Only relatives can determine if someone has been deviant. ● d. Ethnocentrism should be used in identifying if someone is deviant. Topic covered in 7.4 Report a problem 74. What are subcultures? ● a. Groups that have subversive attitudes toward the dominant culture ● b. Groups that have values and norms differing in some way from the larger society ✓ ● c. Groups that share none of the culture of the larger society ● d. Groups that are submissive to the dominant culture Topic covered in 4.5 Report a problem 75. Why do bureaucracies often give us the runaround (transfer us from department to department) when we approach them with a question? ● a. People in bureaucracies become lazy and unwilling to provide good customer service. ● b. People in bureaucracies specialize in their own areas and rarely have the answers to questions that are not in their particular area of specialization. ✓ ● c. People who are hired by bureaucracies have a very low level of education. ● d. People in bureaucracies have been told by management not to give out information unless they have a manager’s permission to do so. Topic covered in 5.5 Report a problem 76. What is a bureaucracy? ● a. An informal organization that loosely coordinates the activities of the people in the organization ● b. A formal organizational structure that directs and coordinates the efforts of the people involved in various organizational tasks ✓

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● c. A factory where supervisors make all the day-to-day decisions for all employees ● d. A small group organization such as a classroom or a community softball team Topic covered in 5.5 Report a problem 77. Gender-role socialization begins at birth. ● a. True ✓ ● b. False Topic covered in 6.5 Report a problem 78. Most sociologists reject the notion that biology or heredity causes deviance. ● a. True ✓ ● b. False Topic covered in 7.5 Report a problem 79. Which of the following would NOT be an ethical concern in research? ● a. The use of human subjects ● b. The search for knowledge that is harmful ● c. The publication of results that could be harmful ● d. The age of the researcher ✓ Topic covered in 3.6 Report a problem 80. Resocialization is necessary only when we make a social mistake. ● a. True ● b. False ✓ Topic covered in 6.6 Report a problem 81. Which of the following is NOT a function of academic sociologists? ● a. Professor ● b. Researcher ● c. Social critic ● d. Clinical sociology

Sociology Midterm Chapters 1-7

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