Human trafficking

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Running head: HUMAN TRAFFICKING SURVIVORS 1 Literature Review: Human Trafficking Survivors Quianna Bell APUS-PADM611-I001 December 17, 2023

HUMAN TRAFFICKING SURVIVORS 2 Literature Review Human trafficking, regardless of the form, is not only a serious criminal act but it leaves a lasting impression on those who have been subjected to it. Human trafficking is defined as “a crime that involves compelling or coercing a person to provide labor or services, or to engage in commercial sex acts” (DOJ., 2023). The greatest impact of human trafficking not only impacts during the event but long after the event has ended. Human trafficking is a violation of human rights but are the survivors receiving their fair share justice for what they have endured? This review will look at legislation efforts and programs in the United States and other countries that exist to help survivors of human trafficking and their effectiveness. What does human trafficking look like? Branscrum and Fallik (2021) asserted that there are two forms of trafficking which are sex and labor trafficking with sex trafficking leveraging more attention. They distinguished sex trafficking from labor trafficking in which women and young girls with a history of trauma and abuse, low economic statuses, and very little education are exploited and utilized in prostitution or adult entertainment in areas that are illegal and/or usually underground. Rowland (2023) described how current slaves are utilized to break the spirits of the newer victims during movement to other richer countries by utilizing threats to harm their families and diminishing their mental stability. Labor trafficking occurs in areas that are more legitimate in nature such as farming, hospitality, and warehousing. Branscrum and Fallik (2021) asserted these individuals are brought into the United States from other countries being promised freedom, secure employment, and money. Although men have been the prominent characters of being the recruiters of traffickers, men and male children are also trafficked and utilized as domestic servants and labor workers with limited research on the process of how they are enslaved.

HUMAN TRAFFICKING SURVIVORS 3 Legislation In United States Human trafficking is now being viewed as modern day slavery as it has become a lucrative business that accrues over $32 billion annually (Kenny, Staniforth, &Vernals, 2023). Once an individual has escaped or rescued, as a survivor, they still face many challenges. Under the presidency of Bill Clinton, Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 was implemented due to the lack of firmness in combatting trafficking. Branscrum and Fallik (2021) noted that that under the TVPA and its reauthorizations, survivors were able to gain ample resources to include T-Visas, which allowed them to remain in the United States, stiffer penalties for traffickers which were apprehended, housing, medical care, mental health services, and many research and educational resources provided to help survivors transition back into some form of normalcy. Another effort was the Polaris Project, which was started by a non-profit group, found that the use of text messaging help provides a channel of communication for now only those who were currently being trafficked but survivors who were afraid to speak out after they escaped (Ravindranath, 2013). By 2020, the Polaris Project had over 20,000 messages from survivors and 11,000 pertaining to trafficking situations. Despite the good efforts that stemmed from these couple of legislations and programs, Farrell, Delateur, Owens, and Fahy (2016) showed a different perspective in that even after all 50 states had passed laws that would criminalize any acts related to human trafficking there was very little effectiveness when it came time to prosecute cases. This was attributed to lack of awareness of the laws within their state and the not being familiar with the necessary legalities to make the charges hold up in court for a conviction (Farrell, Delateur, Owens, &Fahy, 2016). Victim cooperation was also an issue as it was considered one of the largest barriers which prosecutors believed would secure a conviction.

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HUMAN TRAFFICKING SURVIVORS 4 Because of this, state legislation was considered an ineffective measure to help survivors move forward. Legislation/Accommodations Providers in Other Countries As the United States may make it look easy by inclusion of key aspects that support survivors of human trafficking, other places face more challenges and barriers. Raby, Chazal, Garcia-Daza, and Mebalds (2023) noted that being able to find accommodations for human trafficking survivors is imperative to their healing process. Yet, in Australia, although there is guidance and legislation, the strict guidelines make it difficult to be deemed eligible, suitable, and accessible for survivors. Australia has gained an influx of survivors covered under Support for Trafficked People Program. With this program comes restrictions to include freedom of movement, alcohol/drug use, and being able to provide accommodations based on requirements such as extended family. Survivors also struggle due to their migration status and no real source of income; they are deemed ineligible. With the uncertainty of not having sufficient accommodation, are at risk of not only being homeless but subjected to being trafficked again. As program accommodators and legislatives, reintegration should be considered one of the main focal points when introducing such programs for human trafficking survivors. Idemudia, Okoli, Goitom, and Bawa (2021) noted that the traumatic events that survivors have endured create a variety of mental and social problems that are more far reaching than their immediate family. Survivors of human trafficking are stigmatized due to lack of education of what trafficking means. As Nigeria is considered a destination of human trafficking, programs have been implemented that are geared towards reintegration despite its political and socioeconomical status. From another perspective, regardless of reintegration programs, there are still issues after reintegration such as not being properly funded and having sufficient resources to meet the

HUMAN TRAFFICKING SURVIVORS 5 variety of different needs a human trafficking survivor may have (Brennan &Plambech, 2018). There are also issues as where the survivor is being reintegrated and issues with reintegrating a survivor into an environment to which they are not accustomed. Although reintegration sounds good from the perspective of scholars and legislatives to provide a means to transition for survivors of human trafficking, no one has taken the steps to look at the more complex issues of what has occurred such as being trafficked since they were young and now having to learn how to survive on their own as an adult (McCarthy, 2018). Treating and Working with Survivors As legislation and programs are enacted as means to help and provide services geared to help survivors of human traffickers, there are also a need for adequate training and education for role players such as mental health workers, social workers, and community facilitators to ensure they can be proficient in providing effective services. Kenny, Staniforth, and Vernals (2023) noted that collaborative systems of support for trafficking victims and survivors. Cole (2009) asserted the need for patient centered training and evidence-based training which helps survivors build trust. Having a strong network of staff and workers that can manage the workload of professionals would also be ideal for recovery efforts for human trafficking survivors. Trauma bonding is one of the more significant recovery efforts to help trafficking survivors overcome. Cassassa, Knight, and Mengo (2022) described these bonds as feelings of love, admiration, and gratitude that the victim has for the abuser signifying abuse and manipulation. With this and other complex issues, health care professionals will experience burnout, fatigue, and stress which affect how effective the interactions with survivors are (Kenny, Staniforth, and Vernals, 2023). Providing methods of healthy boundary setting when it comes to dealing with survivors of trafficking and personal life can benefit professionals while working with survivors of traumatic

HUMAN TRAFFICKING SURVIVORS 6 events (Kosanke et al., 2016). Self- care and healthy relationships outside of work can also help with promotion of healthy interactions and behaviors. Kenny, Staniforth, and Vernals (2023) also mentioned the need for counseling and team support to help counter burnout, prevent stress, and process the interactions in a manner that will not breach confidentiality. Conclusion As human trafficking has taken over globally, finding legislation and effective programs that target survivors of human trafficking is imperative for help them to recover. As they have already endured forms, of torture, rape, domestic servitude, and other forced ways of life, they are entitled to receive adequate care and resources to help them find their way back to a life of normalcy. This review did show areas for improvement for how programs are enacted without the thought of complexity or personal perspective from of the survivor. Moving forward, efforts should be made to streamline available resources and care regardless of where the survivor decides to live or be placed where they are not at risk of being revictimized.

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HUMAN TRAFFICKING SURVIVORS 7 References Branscum, C., & Fallik, S. W. (2021). A content analysis on state human trafficking statutes: How does the legal system acknowledge survivors in the United States (US)? Crime, Law, and Social Change , 76(3), 253–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-021-09958-x Brennan, D., & Plambech, S. (2018). Editorial: Moving Forward-Life after trafficking. Anti - Trafficking Review, (10), 1-12. http://ezproxy.apus.edu/login?qurl=https%3A%2F %2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fscholarly-journals%2Feditorial-moving-forward-life-after- trafficking%2Fdocview%2F2038600868%2Fse-2%3Faccountid%3D8289 Casassa, K., Knight, L., & Mengo, C. (2022). Trauma Bonding Perspectives From Service Providers and Survivors of Sex Trafficking: A Scoping Review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23(3), 969-984. https://doi-org.ezproxy1.apus.edu/10.1177/1524838020985542 Cole, H. (2009). Human trafficking: Implications for the role of the advanced practice forensic nurse. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 14(6), 462–470. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390308325763 Farrell, A., Delateur, M.J., Owens, C.T., & Fahy, S. (2016). The Prosecution of State-Level Human Trafficking Cases in the United States. DOI: 10.14197/atr.20121664 Idemudia, U., Okoli, N., Goitom, M., & Bawa, S. (2021). Life after trafficking: reintegration experiences of human trafficking survivors in Nigeria. International Journal of Migration, Health, and Social Care, 17(4), 449-463. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMHSC-03-2021-0023

HUMAN TRAFFICKING SURVIVORS 8 Kenny, M., Staniforth, L., & Vernals, J. (2023). The impact of working with human trafficking survivors. Traumatology: An International Journal, 29(2), 265-276. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000390 Kosanke, G. C., Puls, B., Feather, J., & Smith, J. (2016). Minimizing intense relational dynamics to enhance safety: A thematic analysis of literature on sand tray work with adult trauma survivors. British Journal of Psychotherapy , 32(4), 502–516. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjp.12242 McCarthy, L. A. (2018). Life after Trafficking in Azerbaijan: Reintegration experiences of survivors. Anti - Trafficking Review, (10), 105-122. http://ezproxy.apus.edu/login? qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fscholarly-journals%2Flife-after- trafficking-azerbaijan-reintegration%2Fdocview%2F2038600944%2Fse-2%3Faccountid %3D8289 Polaris Project. (2020). Myths, facts, and statistics. https://polarisproject.org/myths-facts-and- statistics/ Raby, K., Chazal, N., Garcia-Daza, L., & Mebalds, G. (2023). 'No Income, Temporary Visa, and Too Many Triggers': Barriers in accommodating survivors of human trafficking and slavery in Australia. Anti - Trafficking Review, Suppl. Special Issue – Home and Homelessness, (20), 92-110. https://doi.org/10.14197/atr.201223206 Ravindranath, M. (2013). How text messages help the Polaris Project zero in on human trafficking (Posted 2013-12-08 20:19:43): The Polaris Project is experimenting with new technology to better help victims and find crime patterns. WP Company LLC d/b/a The Washington Post.

HUMAN TRAFFICKING SURVIVORS 9 Rowland, J. O. (2023). Sex Trafficking: Saudi Arabian Women's Perspectives. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global; https://ezproxy.apus.edu/login?qurl=https%3A %2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdissertations-theses%2Fsex-trafficking-saudi-arabian- womensperspectives%2Fdocview%2F2895656372%2Fse-2%3Faccountid%3D8289 The U.S. Department of Justice (2023). What is Human Trafficking? Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/humantrafficking/what-is-human-trafficking

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