FINAL Module 2 Homework Assignment (TEMPLATE)-revSP22

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Module 2: Homework Assignment 30 pts. Annie Plogman 03/21/2024 Use this template to record your responses to the items on the homework assignment. Follow the assignment instructions carefully. The template is already formatted for you and you do not need to make any changes: Please do not bold your responses, but do leave the item headings in bold. Also, the space following the item heading is not indicative of the expected length of your response; expand as needed. Return to the assignment page when you are ready to upload the completed template. Item 1 Research Questions and Variables A. (4 pts.) a. What are the demographic, social, lifestyle, and economic factors influencing smart phone usage among millennials? b. Does exposure to violence, social media posts, affect, aggressive in person behavior in millennials? c. How does the mental health disorders compare between cell phone usage of millennials in the city of New York compared to rural areas of uptown, New York? d. Is there a relationship between social media usage and confidence in the workplace in millennials? B. (1 pt.) What is the relationship between pet ownership of dogs and cats, social support, and successful aging indicators among individuals of 50 to 74 years old? C. a. (1 pt.) Demographic variables are defining characteristics of populations in the research studies.

b. (2 pts.) In this study, the demographics variables include individuals, 50 to 74 years old. c. (2 pts.) Pruchno et al. (2018), the levels of the independent variable "companion animals" includes no pets (n= 2,954), dog only (n=1,160), cat only (n=947), and both cat and dog (n=441). d. (1 pt.) Social Support e. (3 pts.) The other three dependence in this study are functional ability, subjective successful aging, and pain. Functional ability is described as the ability to walk stand and participate in other daily tasks to indicate functionality. Subjective successful aging is the evaluation of one’s own personal satisfaction with the aging process. Somebody reads their own aging satisfaction on a scale of 1 to 10 and their score reflects. They are subjective perception on how successful they have been on growing older. The closer they are to 10 means the more successful. They have been out getting older. Pain is measured in severity, frequency, and impact of pain in daily life. This can also be measured on scores and scales. Item 2 Hypotheses and Hypothesis Testing A. (2 pts) A null hypothesis suggests that there is no effect or relationship between variables or samples. An alternative hypothesis suggests that there is a significant effect or relationship between those variables . B. (2 pts) a. Null: There is no significant difference between successful aging indicators, such as functional ability, pain, and subjective successful aging between older adults who own cats, dogs, or both, and those who do not own any pets. b. Alternative: There is positive association between successful aging indicators, such as functional ability, pain, and subjective successful aging between older adults who own cats, dogs, or both, and those who do not own any pets.

C. (1 pt.) The compliment hypothesis suggests that the pet in human relationships have an independent effect on outcomes, such as that owning a pet provides additional support to human relationships. This has a direct outcome of successful aging. This is compared to hydraulic hypothesis, whereas in contract, the hydraulic hypothesis suggests the benefits of pet ownership are more for people who lack human support and need additional supports elsewhere. This implies that pet ownership compensates for social support with other people in need other relationships to fill the gap. D. (2 pts.) Hypothesis testing is a statistical method that starts off with two gases. The first is a no hypothesis. The no hypothesis anticipates. Nothing will happen versus the alternative hypothesis is anticipating something interesting will change. After the hypothesis represents what the researcher wants to test, there is data collection usually from a sample. These sample methods should be ethical and reliable. After data collection suggests more evidence towards a hypothesis, statistical testing, and drawing conclusion creates a result. I am choosing to not draw a picture to die the explanation as I am better with verbiage instead of creativity. E. (3 pts) If a hypothesis has enough evidence, we can reject the hypothesis showing that it most likely is not true. But we also cannot prove a hypothesis because there are too many possibilities of potential variables. Potential variables can account for why a hypothesis can be true, but even if the evidence supports a hypothesis, there can be untested aspects that could change the outcome. Item 4 Self-report Scales A. (4 pts) Using self-report skills, such as surveys to measure dependent variables, offer several advantages, such as convenience to the researchers in data collection. This is an effective way of collecting large amounts of participant data, ethically and quickly. It also allows participants to express their insights to their thoughts and emotions that are necessary towards the data. Some of the disadvantages of using self-report scales to measure dependent variables include socially biased responses which leads to validity concerns. If the responses are not reliable data than the data might be questioned as valid. The self-report couldn’t measure factors, such as mood, memory, and feelings which can be subjective.

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B. (2 pts.) The disadvantages identified could lead to lower reliability and validity because ensuring reliability and validity in self-report Data collection must have vast amounts of validation required.

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