6057_Written_Lab 2_Annotated Bibilography

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Apr 3, 2024

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Health inequities in Canadian Black Population 1 Socio-economic Status, Virtual Care of Canadian Black Population Submitted by: Eemani Akhil Sarma Submitted to: Dr. Silvie MacLean Submitted date: 19 th November, 2023

Health inequities in Canadian Black Population 2 Key words: Black Canadian Population, Health Inequities, Virtual Care, Socioeconomic Disparities Socio-economic Status, Virtual Care of Canadian Black Population Azin, A. (2021). Racial, ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in diagnosis, treatment and survival of patients with breast cancer: A SEER-based population analysis. Canadian Journal of Surgery, Suppl.6 Suppl 2, 64 Retrieved from http://ra.ocls.ca/ra/login.aspx? inst=fanshawe&url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/racial-ethnic- socioeconomic-disparities-diagnosis/docview/2626964061/se-2 The objective of this study was to know the preferences of the patients in receiving information about low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) during their cancer diagnosis. This qualitative study was conducted based on survivors of rectal cancers whose preferences included timing, format and source of the LARS discussion. Eleven rectal cancer survivors who had gone through restorative proctectomy and had very minor or major LARS been invited to this study. MAXQDA software was used for coding after doing the semistructured telephonic interviews. The results were found to be median of 3.8 years after restorative proctectomy, 7 people were male and of median age 70 years and 7 people had major LARS. All the participants had different preferences for getting their information during diagnosis and wanted to know it because of the following reasons – being aware of complications; participation in decision-making; or for feeling more comfort at the time of treatment. And there were some people who won’t even want to know that because – trusting their physician; not thinking that knowing more information can alter the outcome; believing that knowing more information would cause more fear. There were also different preferences about the format of LARS. Based on all these results, author concluded that patients who had undergone restorative proctectomy had different preferences for timing and format of LARS. The author being an AI Technical Lead at Georgian, knows about different situations and cases and know how to use the technology. I agree with the author because definitely there were people of different preferences of their health information. But I found this study was very simple and also limiting it to only 11 patients doesn’t seem good. With the low amount of data he should not conclude the thesis. Tjepkema, M., Christidis, T., Olaniyan, T., & Hwee, J. (2023). Mortality inequalities of black adults in canada. Health Reports, 34(2), 3-16. doi:https://doi.org/10.25318/82.003.x202300200001.eng The main aim of this study was to assessing cause-specific mortality in black adult Canadian residents. The assessment was done using all the datasets present in Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC) and were linked to mortality rate by Statistics Canada’s Social Data Linkage Environment. This linkage creates files necessary for social analysis by linking to the Derived Record Depository which contains basic personal identifiers. The linkage rate was found to be crossing more than

Health inequities in Canadian Black Population 3 99% for all deaths that took place from 2001 to 2019. For performing this analysis, all the Canadian black people along with the white people aging 19 years or older were included and their data was stored in CanCHEC datasets. The dataset analysis for CanCHEC cycle was done using the following datasets – 3,020,600 for 2001; 3,120,640 for 2006; 2,804,265 for 2011. The analysis was done by taking several things into consideration which are as follows – marital status of the individual, census family structure, educational attainment, income quintile, immigrant status. This study included 92,245 males along with 106,640 female Black adults. Out of these, 5,020 males and 5,120 females were died from all the cohorts. The groups were divided based on their sociodemographic and economic characteristics. The average age of the Black cohort members was found to be higher than White cohort members. And it was also found that Black cohort members were more of single or divorced than those of white cohort members along with the double rate of unemployment. Black female cohort members were found to be more educated than White female cohort members. Black males and females had higher lowest income quintile. Three fourth of the Black cohort members were found to be immigrants. Ischemic heart disease was considered as the main cause of death. All the authors being researchers as well as analysts, the study became easier to do. They all did the analysis based on their experience and concluded that the mortality rates between Black and White people across Canada differs in many aspects like cause of death and sex. And by this they stated the importance of health inequities for the Black Canadian population with the use of CanCHEC. I agree with the authors because it strongly proved the different reasons for mortality rates based on several aspects. Proving the thesis in an experimental way makes it even stronger to agree. Adekoya, I., & Sinacore, A. L. (2022). The career transitioning experiences of nigerian economic immigrants in canada: Reliance on christian faith and personal agency. [Les expériences de transition de carrière chez des immigrants économiques nigériens au Canada : se fonder sur la foi chrétienne et l'agentivité personnelle] Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy (Online), 56(1), 1-23. doi:https://doi.org/10.47634/cjcp.v56i1.70490 The aim was this study was to explore the challenges and coping strategies of six Chirstian Nigerian Economic Immigrant (NEI) women and men who were undergoing career transitions by using phenomenology methodology and intersectionality epistemology. The intersectionality epistemology proposed that individuals occupy different positions of privilege and oppression which may or may not allow them to know the complete knowledge about various contexts. These positions might be at different locations like race, language, ability status, etc. Intersectionality was considered to be the appropriate method for this study because Black African Economic Immigrants (BAEI) occupy different intersecting positions. The hermeneutic phenomenology (HP) method was used to understand the meaning, structure and essence of phenomenon. The phenomenon in this study was career transitioning. HP was facilitated through various cultural symbols like religion, language and history. The authors used intersectionality epistemology and HP because it fits better in relating

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Health inequities in Canadian Black Population 4 BAEIs positions. For this study four women and two men born in Nigeria, who don’t have clean water, security, electricity and basic quality education, were recruited. These people were divided into heterosexual and Christian ethnicities. All these people were migrated to Canada and later some were under employment, and some were under unemployment. The results were found based on three sub-themes like socio-cultural transitioning, occupational and socio-economic aspects. They were placed at various positions and admired those places. They were faced with heavy problems at their workplaces. Besides all the negative impacts, they responded with patience, persistence and generativity and remained courageous. Finally, who ever low satisfied with their jobs left those jobs and started new business of their own. The authors concluded that Black people must be given equal pay as of White and should be respected equally. I agree with the authors because every human being must be respected irrespective of their origin. They should be paid accordingly to their work without any preferences. The strength of this study was career transitioning of Nigerians in Canada. The biggest limitation of this study was its limited participants. Okoye, H. U., & Saewyc, E. (2021). Fifteen-year trends in self-reported racism and link with health and well-being of african canadian adolescents: A secondary data analysis. International Journal for Equity in Health, 20, 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939- 021-01446-x The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and trends in racial discrimination of African Canadian adolescents in British Columbia. From the British Columbia Adolescent Health Surveys, the authors have taken the data of African Canadian adolescents for secondary analysis. They examined the trends of racial discrimination whether it decreased, increased or remained stable. From the adolescent’s data, they divided into boys, girls, immigrants and Canadian-born Africans adolescents. Rao-Scott’s adjusted chi-square was used for testing differences in racial discriminations. There were significant changes in the trends of racial discrimination across the survey years. The highest percentage of adolescent’s trends was reported in 2018 for racial discrimination while lowest being in 2013. Canadian-born adolescents and girls had faced heavy racial discrimination in 2018 than in 2003. Boys and immigrant African Canadian adolescents had faced many negative health outcomes. The authors concluded that 1 in 4 of African Canadian adolescents in British Columbia had faced racial discrimination. And also suggested that there is a need in reduction of racism, creating awareness about negative health impacts. The authors, being PhD students meet many different kind of people in a whole day. They might have done this study with proper information based on their interaction with many people. I agree with the author because there should not be any racial discrimination among people. This is the huge important thing to note because if the racism increases it leads to death of the individual. The strength of this study was usage of greater substances among who reported racial discrimination. The limitations of this study were the study was

Health inequities in Canadian Black Population 5 conducted based on the available data; and also, racialization could be normalized in everyday life. Liszka, H. A., Steyer, T. E., & Hueston, W. J. (2006). Virtual medical care: How are our patients using online health information? Journal of Community Health, 31(5), 368-78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-006-9019-3 The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of internet access and online- health seeking for urban, residency-based practice. By the use of self-administered surveys, the authors have obtained information on the usage of the internet, demographics and socio-economic profile from 300 patients. Chi-square analysis was used for comparing all the responses based on demographic, socioeconomic and medical variables. The results obtained from it were women, people of age under 50, non-Hispanic Black, healthy and low income. They found that 77% of people had accessed to the internet at least once, out of which 79% used for health information, 73% to make health related decision and 50% with their provider. Based on these they concluded that the patients were able to use internet access at a higher rate especially for their health-related information. They also concluded that there was a high usage of the internet in their targeted population. I totally agree with the authors because when you observe the results of the study, it clearly depicts how non-Hispanic Black were using the internet in seeking their health information and discussing it with their physicians in increase of their health outcome. The authors being a M.D in their respective job roles in the healthcare field, knows about the health information of the patient and also they suggests the usage of the internet by urban people is must and should in maintenance of proper health of the individual. The strength of this study was it clearly demonstrated the usage of the internet by the people in urban for their health related problems. The limitation of this study was it didn’t clearly explain how virtual medical care is influencing the overall health of a p atient.

6057_Written_Lab 2_Annotated Bibilography

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