AFPRL 204 Chapter 10 Review Questions

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1. Describe the tensions — between blacks and whites and between newer and more established northern blacks — brought about by the great migration. What challenges did the newcomers face, and how did they seek to address these challenges? The southern blacks that migrated to the north faced many obstacles. There were tensions between northern blacks and southern blacks in terms of religious and cultural differences. This was reflected when newcomers from the South often practiced a more emotional and southern preaching style and faced resistance and felt out of place during worship services. This tension was not just due to religious differences but can also be attributed to a class divide between established middle-class Chicago natives who were descendants of freemen and the poorer southern blacks. Tensions also increased when it came to matters of work and unions. Southern blacks, feeling vulnerable, were hesitant to join unions, especially when white workers and unions did not welcome them. This contributed to tensions, particularly during strikes where southern migrants took jobs vacated by striking workers, aggravating existing racial and economic divides. Tensions also existed between whites and blacks as a whole. The influx of black migrants led to overcrowding in existing black neighborhoods due to de facto segregation. Furthermore, when blacks attempted to move beyond these areas, white homeowners' associations resisted, often using legal obstacles and violence such as bombings. While migrating to the north brought challenges, these newcomers adjusted and adapted to these challenges through racial solidarity. Churches, settlement houses, and civic organizations in the North were created and provided support networks for newcomers, offering assistance with jobs, housing, and cultural adjustment. Furthermore, businesses such as beauty parlors, barbershops, and

religious institutions became spaces where newcomers could express themselves, share experiences, and build a sense of community. 2. How did World War I bring about social change both for African Americans who fought in the war and for those who remained on the home front? World War I brought about social change for African Americans by shaping their identity, contributing to the emergence of civil rights activism, and laying the groundwork for significant demographic shifts through the Great Migration. There were many African Americans that joined the war effort, and there was mass racial discrimination within the military. However despite such challenges, black combat units fought valiantly and gained recognition from the French. The war also had a transformative effect on the identity of black soldiers. Serving abroad and experiencing a different racial environment influenced their perspectives. Returning black veterans were increasingly impatient with racial discrimination and sought change. The wartime migration of African Americans also bought about social change in the form of demographic shifts. It laid the foundation for the Great Migration, influencing demographic shifts and contributing to the growth of black communities in urban areas. However, the post-war period also witnessed an increase in racial tensions on the home front. During the The Red Summer of 1919, the nation saw numerous race riots and acts of violence against African Americans. This compounded with the frustration of black soldiers contributed to the emergence of civil rights activism. 3. Consider the various intellectual, political, social, and cultural developments that accompanied the rise of the New Negro. What did the efforts of the black social

scientists, scholars, artists, writers, and activists who pioneered this movement have in common? What were their goals? The rise of the New Negro during the early 20th century was marked by a convergence of intellectual, political, social, and cultural developments led by black social scientists, scholars, artists, writers, and activists. Despite the diversity of their fields, the pioneers of this movement shared common goals centered around racial upliftment, empowerment, and the assertion of a new black identity. For example, there were many academic contributions by various scholars who sought to enhance the black identity. Scholars such as Charles S. Johnson and W.E.B. Du Bois engaged in comprehensive sociological studies, focusing on urban sociology and racial relations. In addition to this, Carter G. Woodson engaged in promoting black history, emphasizing that this history is important for their identity. Political developments were also pushed forward by organizations like the NAACP who sought to empower their race by working towards ending discrimination. Meanwhile, Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) took a more separatist approach, emphasizing black self-determination and economic nationalism. Cultural developments like the Harlem Renaissance also helped promote black identity and their culture. It showcased the talents of black writers, artists, musicians, and performers and helped challenge stereotypes and celebrated the richness of African American heritage. In essence, the efforts of these individuals and organizations during the New Negro movement were united by a commitment to challenging racial oppression, promoting self-determination, and reshaping the narrative surrounding African Americans 4. How did black politicians, activists, wageworkers, authors, and artists seek to address the specific problems that the depression and the New Deal posed for African Americans? What were the results of their efforts?

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During the Great Depression and the New Deal era, black politicians, activists, wageworkers, authors, and artists sought to address the specific problems faced by African Americans through various means such as political activism, labor activism, and cultural movements. During this time, African American became more politically active and were a significant voting bloc. With this new voting power, they moved their votes to the Democratic party which appealed to their concerns more. Furthermore, black politicians were also elected to office and challenged the racial status quo. While the New Deal helped relieve the problems caused by the Great Depression, it was also problematic for African Americans. The New Deal had local programs which were subjected to racial discrimination. For example, black sharecroppers did not receive aid money for farmers and mortgage loans were not given to African Americans who lived in integrated areas. While nondiscrimination clauses could not be added to the New Deal, organizations like the NAACP created a voice for African Americans as they gained political leverage. African Americans were also subjected to racial discrimination in their pay, where their wage is lower than their white counterparts. This resulted in black labor activists such as A. Philip Randolph and others worked towards the unionization of black wageworkers. This was a success as the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters was recognized and furthered the rights of blacks and laborers.

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