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Feb 20, 2024

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identify three ways that schools could effectively reduce delinquent behavior. Clearly identify the key concept in each explanation. For each concept, describe two variables and their measurement procedures. - 1. provide free after school activities - the more free after school activities are provides then there will be lower delinquency behavior. - 2. offer incentives towards attendance goals - if incentives are offered for positive attendance goals than the delinquency rates will decrease. - 3. implement strict penalties if students are delinquent. - If there are consequences to t A researcher wants to determine if prosecuting (rather than simply arresting) domestic violence offenders will lower the rate of domestic violence. Write an essay in which you outline relevant ethical concerns. Are the ethical concerns of this study different than those for studies examining the influence of arrest on domestic violence? - There are a few ethical concerns when it comes to collecting research on determining if prosecution (rather than simply arresting) domestic violence offenders will lower the rates of domestic violence. The ethical concerns of this study have mutual concerns for studies examining the influence of arrest on domestic violence. One of the biggest concern is how do we exactly know how many people are the victims of assault each year? As this can be skewed. One source to calculate the domestic violence victims is people who report their victimization to the police. The FBI compiles these numbers in its Uniform Crim Reporting system, which is being replaced slowly by the NIBRS. Both systems rely on state, county, and city law enforcement agencies across the Unites States to voluntarily participate in the reporting program. This is problematic due to the fact that there are some victims that never report domestic violence to the police, so they are not accounted for. This is often seen between intimate partners and other offences like rape. Write a brief explanation of the concept of validity and its three dimensions. If you were studying the effect of violence in the media and aggression levels in children, what concerns would you have regarding the three dimensions of validity? The validity of measures should always be tested. The four basic approaches are: face validation, content validation, criteria validation, and construct validation. Criterion validation provides the strongest evidence of measurement validity, but there often is no criterion to use in validating social science measures. The main concern would be the truthfulness and accuracy of the responses to the questions asked in the study. We have learned that sometimes those who are being asked questions will not

answer questions that reflect the reality of the situation. You could ask a kid if they believe that if the violent content in the media has any effect on their behavior and they could say no, when in reality it does, or vice versa. p ropose measures of drug use at the nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio levels. Suggest procedures for establishing the validity and reliability of all of your drug measures. Explain your rationale for each procedure. With nominal , we could use the case of dichotomies where we would have only two values. Normally dichotomies are considered nominally. We would look at the difference between those who have used drug in the past year and those who have not. We would create a variable that indicates this dichotomous distinction by coding those who said yes, listed as 0 and those who said otherwise as a 1. Reliability and validity of research are related to one another. One of these is required for the other to occur, but not the other way around. Which is required to produce the other? Explain. Measurement reliability is a prerequisite for measurement validity, we can’t really measure a phenomenon if the measure we are using gives inconsistent results. Define overgeneralization, selective observation, and illogical reasoning. Provide an example of each and how each might be avoided through the use of social science methods. Overgeneralization occurs when we unjustifiably conclude that what is true for some cases is true for all cases. It is often that we draw conclusions about people and social processes from our own interactions with them, but sometimes we forget that our experiences are limited. An example of overgeneralization would be stereotyping people based on their group identification rather than their individual character. Or believing that all new infectious diseases come from China because of the corona virus. Social science research methods can reduce the likelihood of overgeneralization by using systematic procedures for selecting individuals or groups to study that are representative of the individuals or groups about whom wish to generalize. Illogical Reasoning is when someone prematurely jumps to conclusions or argues based on invalid assumptions. For example, when you are online and see that our partner is also online, and you call and they don’t answer. You assume they were lying or doing something wrong without even trying to find out why they didn’t answer. They could have had a valid reason, but you jump to conclusions and assume the worst. To avoid illogical reasoning, social researchers use explicit criteria for identifying cause and for determining if these criteria are met in a particular instance. Selective observation is choosing to look only at things that are in line with our preferences or beliefs. Our perceptions do not provide a direct window to the work around us, for what we think we have sensed is not necessarily what we have seen. Observations can be inaccurate. If we think we see 20 people in a parking lot when in fact there are only 15, an inaccurate observation was made. Social science methods can reduce the risk of selective or inaccurate observation by requiring that we measure and sample phenomena systematically.

Suppose that you want to investigate the effectiveness of a gang prevention program. Describe three concepts that may be important to measure the effectiveness of this program. For each concept, create two variables and describe their measurement procedures. What do the main concepts mean in this research and how are the main concepts measured. We would conceptualize “gang prevention programs” propose a basic social science research project. Give at least one hypothesis, at least one theory, and provide the basic outline for how you would conduct the research. Suppose you are interested in the effect of technology on policing. Develop a research question based on this interest and then evaluate your question based on the three criteria for research question evaluation discussed in your textbook. A researcher wants to examine whether delinquents have lower IQs than non-delinquents. To measure IQ, she utilizes a self-report survey containing 50 questions. Describe three methods that could be used to assess the reliability of this measure of IQ. Explain the rationale of each method. Test-rest reliability is when researchers measure a phenomenon that doesn’t change between two points separated by an interval of time, the degree to which the two measurements yield comparable, if not identical. In this example she would have the delinquents and the non- delinquents repeat the questionnaire at a follow up time and compare the answers of tests. If the answers are pretty much identical then this confirms the test-rest reliability. Alternate-forms reliability is when the researchers compare the subjects’ answers to slightly different versions of survey questions, the researchers could reverse the order of the response choices in an index or modify the question wording in minor ways and then readminister tat index to subjects. If the two sets are not too different that alternate-forms reliability is established. N this example she would switch up the questions and answer choices in the questioner and compare the two different sets, if they are similar or the same then this confirms the alternate-forms reliability.

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