Proposal 3- Literature Review and Annotated outline

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Nyamekye Artis 1 Literature Review Anti-abortion laws have been a contentious issue in the United States and other parts of the world. These laws, which restrict access to abortion services, have the potential to affect various aspects of society, including the foster care system, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and the likelihood of criminal behavior in adulthood. Anti-abortion laws can undoubtedly have far- reaching effects, including the ability to increase the number of children in foster care and, as a result, the risk of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and criminal behavior as an adult. People who encounter difficult circumstances or are unprepared for parenthood may be more likely to carry their pregnancies to term when anti-abortion legislation restricts access to abortion services. As a result, the foster care system may become overburdened as parents struggle to care for their children adequately because of a variety of circumstances, such as financial instability, a lack of social support, or personal difficulties. As a result, more children could be placed in foster care, thereby putting them in danger of experiencing ACEs and unstable home circumstances, which could lead to criminal behavior as an adult. To allocate the connection between anti-abortion laws and foster care placements, researchers continuously perform longitudinal studies to identify the relationship between foster care, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and criminal behavior. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential effects of anti-abortion laws in effect, particularly their contribution to the rise in foster children, and to investigate the relationship between foster care experiences, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and the likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior as an adult. Research of existing literature confirms a correlation between anti-abortion laws and the rise of children in foster care has plenty of longitudinal studies. About 424,000 children in foster care on any given day already face shortages

Nyamekye Artis 2 of placements, low high school graduation rates, and disproportionately high rates of incarceration and homelessness (Contreras, R., 2022). The number of children in the United States foster care system has increased from 272,000 in 1962 to 513,131 in 2005 (Sutherland, S., 2008). After the Dobbs verdict, 24 states are in the process of banning or heavily restricting abortion access, and these laws will hit hardest for low-income families and young, single, or Black parents, who are less able to travel to access abortion care (Dixon-Lunenburg, M., 2023). People seeking abortions are often poor: three-quarters of people seeking abortions have incomes below 200% of the federal poverty level. Nearly 1 in every 4 women who gave birth between 2015 and 2020 in the 13 states with pending or active post-Roe vs. Wade abortion restrictions, lives below the poverty line (McLaughlin, N.,2022). There is a false notion that abortion will prevent unwanted children from entering the foster care system – that more children will come into foster care because of the overturn of Roe (Carter, D.,2023). Experts also say anti-abortion legislation shows negative effects on the foster care system (Castrellon, A.J., & Hoover, S., 2022). Children in foster care are pronounced to experience adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Adverse childhood experiences are a major factor in children within the foster care system. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have powerful consequences for health and well- being throughout the life course (Finch, B., & Williams, K., 2019). The majority of children enter foster care because they have suffered abuse or neglect (Mcwey, L., Cui, M., & Pazdera, A., 2010). In addition to the troubling family circumstances that bring them into self-care, they face additional difficulties within the child welfare system that may further compromise their healthy development (Harden, B., 2004). When those childhood experiences are traumatic, the child may have lifelong consequences (Jeske, J., & Klas, M., 2016). Researchers suggest that children entering the foster care system are already vulnerable and at risk of experiencing ACEs during foster care and

Nyamekye Artis 3 psychological distress during adulthood (Buksas, D., & Tessin, D. H., 2013) Emerging science has discovered that a child’s brain has physiological changes when exposed to traumatic events, and as a result of these changes, they may have developed maladaptive behavior and have difficulties controlling impulses (Duran, L.,2019). Previous research has found that children with ACEs from foster care led to criminal behavior in adulthood. The purpose of this study is to determine the correlation prevalence between foster care, ACEs, and criminal behavior. The research literature reviews find mixed correlations to criminal behavior in foster children. According to Stevens (1996) finds questionnaire survey positively correlated with ACEs and criminal behavior in adulthood leading to the conclusion that a strong relationship existed between the most serious violent offenders and frightening parental fighting experiences from childhood. Data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) shows that having adverse childhood experiences could result in physical violence in relationships. Twelve childhood adversities were assessed in the NCS-R which included parental divorce, foster care, juvenile, parent mental illness, physical abuse, sexual abuse, etc. which resulted in physical violence within the relationship. (Miller, E., Breslau, J., Chung, W-J., Green, J.G., Mclaughlin, K.A., & Kessler, R. C., 2011). A systematic database that searched different databases assessing the association between ACEs and justice system contact conducted in the United States finds that ACEs are positively associated with juvenile justice system contact in a dose-response fashion. (Graf, G. H., Chihuri, S., Blow, M., & Li, G., 2021). A quantitative causal- comparative study found that children placed in foster care, compared to their counterparts, were more likely to experience parental divorce or separation, parental death, parental incarceration, parental abuse, violence exposure, household member mental illness, and household member substance abuse. These children were also more likely to experience ACEs than children across

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Nyamekye Artis 4 different thresholds of socioeconomic disadvantage and across different family structures (Turney, K., & Wilderman, C., 2017). Sources of data have provided enough information on the topic of anti-abortion laws, foster care, and ACEs. These topics were relevant in understanding that adverse childhood experiences cause criminal behavior in adulthood. The strengths of this research provide a comprehensive understanding of ACES and its relation to criminal behavior in adulthood. The weakness of this research is that it may not account for all possible confounding variables that could impact foster care placements, ACEs, and criminal behavior. What is missing from the literature research is the role of mediating factors, such as social support systems, economic conditions, and access to mental health services, in the relationship between anti-abortion laws, foster care placements, ACEs, and criminal behavior. The purpose of this research is to gain knowledge and understanding of the topic by answering the research question. “With the anti-abortion laws in effect, it could increase the number of children in foster care, which could lead to adverse childhood experiences and more likely cause criminal behavior in adulthood? ” Prior literature suggests that there is a correlation between childhood adversity and criminal behavior in adulthood, however to what extent in which anti-abortion laws directly cause criminal behavior? This study will pursue answers by using various research such as dependent and independent variables, questionnaire surveys, quantitative causal-comparative studies, and The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). This study will also use variables including questionnaire surveys, longitudinal studies, and systematic data with race and background being a structure. This study will use methodologies such as questionnaire surveys, quantitative causal-comparative studies, systematic databases, and national longitudinal studies that answer if there is a correlation between anti-abortion laws and criminal behavior.

Nyamekye Artis 5 References CONTRERAS, R. (2022). Post-roe abortion access could overwhelm U.S. foster care systems - AXIOS . The end of Roe v. Wade may overwhelm foster care systems. https://www.axios.com/2022/07/05/roe-wade-abortion-foster-care-children Sarah, S. (2008). Undue burdens: The effect of abortion restrictions on ... – Duke University . Undue Burdens: The Effect of Abortion Restrictions on Foster Case Entry Rates. https://sites.duke.edu/djepapers/files/2016/11/Sutherland.pdf Dixon-Luinenburg, M. (2023 ). How abortion bans will strain an already failing foster system . https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2023/7/9/23786276/foster-care-adoption- system-poverty-neglect-dobbs-abortion Mclaughlin, N. (2023). Abortion bans and the Foster Care System . Abortion bans and the foster care system. https://plummeryouthpromise.org/abortion-rights-and-the-foster-care- system/ Carter, D. (2023). “Unwanted” Children, Foster Care, and abortion - Focus on the family . https://www.focusonthefamily.com/pro-life/unwanted-children-foster-care-and- abortion/ Castrellon, A.-J., & Hoover, S. (2022). How could the overturning of Roe v. Wade Impact the North Carolina Foster Care System? – The Fayetteville Observer https://www.fayobserver.com/story/news/2022/07/06/roe-v-wade-ruling-how-its- overturn-could-impact-north-carolina-foster-care-system/7770314001/

Nyamekye Artis 6 Williams, K., & Finch, B. K. (2019). Adverse Childhood Experiences, Early and Nonmarital Fertility, and Women’s Health at Midlife . Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 60(3), 309 – 325. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48588905 McWey, L. M., Cui, M., & Pazdera, A. L. (2010). Changes in Externalizing and Internalizing Problems of Adolescents in Foster Care. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(5), 1128 – 1140. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40865599 Harden, B. J. (2004). Safety and Stability for Foster Children: A Developmental Perspective. The Future of Children, 14(1), 31 – 47. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602753 JESKE, J., & KLAS, M. L. (2016). Adverse Childhood Experiences: Implications for Family Law Practice and the Family Court System . Family Law Quarterly, 50(1), 123 – 137. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44155200 Buksas, D., & Tessin, D. H. (2013). Adverse childhood experiences and psychosocial well-being of women who were in foster care as children . The Permanente journal, 17(3), e131 – e141. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/12-121 Duran, L. (2019). Unpacking adverse childhood experiences and the impact on Foster Care Youth . https://crimlawandpolicy.wordpress.com/2019/04/22/unpacking-adverse- childhood-experiences-and-the-impact-on-foster-care-youth/ STEVENS, D. J. (1996). THE INFLUENCE OF PARENTAL BICKERING UPON SUBSEQUENT CRIMINALLY VIOLENT BEHAVIOR . International Review of Modern Sociology, 26(2), 121 – 134. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41421113

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Nyamekye Artis 7 Miller, E., Breslau, J., Chung, W.-J. J., Green, J. G., McLaughlin, K. A., & Kessler, R. C. (2011). Adverse childhood experiences and risk of physical violence in adolescent dating relationships. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health (1979-), 65(11), 1006 – 1013. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23052153 Graf, G. H., Chihuri, S., Blow, M., & Li, G. (2021). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Justice System Contact : A Systematic Review. Pediatrics, 147(1), e2020021030. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-021030 Turney, Kristin & Wildeman, Christopher. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences among children placed in and adopted from foster care : Evidence from a nationally representative survey. Child Abuse & Neglect. 64. 117-129. 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.009. Annotated Literature Review Outline I. Introduction to Literature Review a. Previous research has found that anti-abortion laws in effect have led to the increase of children in foster care. b. Previous research has found a correlation between children in foster care and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). c. Previous research has found that children with ACEs from foster care lead to criminal behavior in adulthood. II. Increased Foster care placement and Anti-Abortion Laws.

Nyamekye Artis 8 a. Anti- Abortion laws are prevalent among the increase of children in the foster care system. b. Increase in Foster Care and Abortion Laws Research i. CONTRERAS, R. (2022). Post-roe abortion access could overwhelm U.S. foster care systems - AXIOS . The end of Roe v. Wade may overwhelm foster care systems. https://www.axios.com/2022/07/05/roe-wade- abortion-foster-care-children . “ About 424,000 children in foster care on any given day already face shortages of placements, low high school graduation rates, and disproportionately high rates of incarceration and homelessness. ” ii. Sarah, S. (2008). Undue burdens: The effect of abortion restrictions on ... – Duke University . Undue Burdens: The Effect of Abortion Restrictions on Foster Case Entry Rates. https://sites.duke.edu/djepapers/files/2016/11/Sutherland.pdf “ The number of children in the United States foster care system has increased from 272,000 in 1962 to 513,131 in 2005 ”. iii. Dixon-Luinenburg, M. (2023 ). How abortion bans will strain an already failing foster system . https://www.vox.com/future- perfect/2023/7/9/23786276/foster-care-adoption-system-poverty-neglect- dobbs-abortion “ After the Dobbs verdict, 24 states are in the process of banning or heavily restricting abortion access, and these laws will hit hardest for low-income families and young, single, or Black parents, who are less able to travel to access abortion care .” iv. Mclaughlin, N. (2023). Abortion bans and the Foster Care System . Abortion bans and the foster care system. https://plummeryouthpromise.org/abortion-rights-and-the-foster-care- system/ “People seeking abortions are often poor: three -quarters of people seeking abortions have incomes below 200% of the federal poverty level. Nearly 1 in every 4 women who gave birth between 2015 and 2020 in the 13 states with pending or active post-Roe vs. Wade abortion restrictions, lives below the poverty line.”

Nyamekye Artis 9 v. Carter, D. (2023). “Unwanted” Children, Foster Care, and abortion - Focus on the family . https://www.focusonthefamily.com/pro- life/unwanted-children-foster-care-and-abortion/ “There is a false notion that aborti on will prevent unwanted children from entering the foster care system – that more children will come into foster care because of the overturn of Roe. ” vi. Castrellon, A.-J., & Hoover, S. (2022). How could the overturning of Roe v. Wade Impact the North Carolina Foster Care System? – The Fayetteville Observer https://www.fayobserver.com/story/news/2022/07/06/roe-v-wade-ruling- how-its-overturn-could-impact-north-carolina-foster-care- system/7770314001/ “ Experts also say anti-abortion legislation shows negative effects on the foster care system .” III. Foster Care and Adverse Childhood Experiences a. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) have a significant impact on children in foster care. i. Williams, K., & Finch, B. K. (2019). Adverse Childhood Experiences, Early and Nonmarital Fertility, and Women’s Health at Midlife . Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 60(3), 309 – 325. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48588905 “ Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have powerful consequences for health and well-being throughout the life course. ” ii. McWey, L. M., Cui, M., & Pazdera, A. L. (2010). Changes in Externalizing and Internalizing Problems of Adolescents in Foster Care. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(5), 1128 – 1140. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40865599 “The majority of children enter foster care because they have suffered abuse or neglect. ” iii. Harden, B. J. (2004). Safety and Stability for Foster Children: A Developmental Perspective. The Future of Children, 14(1), 31 – 47. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602753

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Nyamekye Artis 10 “In addition to the troubling family circumstances that bring them into self - care, they face additional difficulties within the child welfare system that may further compromise their healthy development.” iv. JESKE, J., & KLAS, M. L. (2016). Adverse Childhood Experiences: Implications for Family Law Practice and the Family Court System . Family Law Quarterly, 50(1), 123 – 137. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44155200 “ When those childhood experiences are traumatic, the child may have lifelong consequences.” v. Buksas, D., & Tessin, D. H. (2013). Adverse childhood experiences and psychosocial well-being of women who were in foster care as children . The Permanente journal, 17(3), e131 – e141. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/12-121 “ Researchers suggest that children entering the foster care system are already vulnerable and at risk of experiencing ACEs during foster care and psychological distress during adulthood .” vi. Duran, L. (2019). Unpacking adverse childhood experiences and the impact on Foster Care Youth . https://crimlawandpolicy.wordpress.com/2019/04/22/unpacking-adverse- childhood-experiences-and-the-impact-on-foster-care-youth/ “Emerging science has discovered that a child’s brain has physiological changes when exposed to traumatic events, and as a result of these changes, they may have developed maladaptive behavior and have difficulties controlling impulses .” IV. Links between ACEs and criminal behavior in adulthood a. Previous research has found that children with ACEs from foster care lead to criminal behavior in adulthood. i. STEVENS, D. J. (1996). THE INFLUENCE OF PARENTAL BICKERING UPON SUBSEQUENT CRIMINALLY VIOLENT BEHAVIOR . International Review of Modern Sociology, 26(2), 121 – 134. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41421113 Findings : The questionnaire survey positively correlated ACEs and criminal behavior in adulthood leading to the conclusion that a strong relationship

Nyamekye Artis 11 existed between the most serious violent offenders and frightening parental fighting experiences from childhood Independent variable - Questionnaire survey Dependent variable - 313 offenders incarcerated in a high custody penitentiary in New York during the summer of 1993. 21% (65) of the 313 participants said that their parents always fought when they were at home. Of all those participants, 92% (60) had been convicted of violent crimes. In addition, 101 of the offenders who said that their parents fought very often 80 percent (81) of that number were violent convicts. ii. Miller, E., Breslau, J., Chung, W.-J. J., Green, J. G., McLaughlin, K. A., & Kessler, R. C. (2011). Adverse childhood experiences and risk of physical violence in adolescent dating relationships. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health (1979-), 65(11), 1006 – 1013. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23052153 Findings : Analyzed data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) shows that having adverse childhood experiences could result in physical violence in relationships. Independent variable - Data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) Dependent variable - Data on 5130 adult respondents to a nationally representative survey with at least one dating relationship before the age of 21 years old were analyzed. Logistic regression models assessed associations between 12 childhood adversities are physical dating violence. Childhood adversities with the highest attributable risk proportions were sexual abuse (13.8%), interparental violence (11.6%), and parent mental illness (10.7%). iii. Graf, G. H., Chihuri, S., Blow, M., & Li, G. (2021). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Justice System Contact : A Systematic Review. Pediatrics, 147(1), e2020021030. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-021030 Findings : In total, 10 of the 11 studies reviewed were conducted in juvenile population groups. Elevated ACE scores were associated with an increased risk of juvenile justice system contact. Estimates of the adjusted odds ratio of justice system contact per 1-point increase in ACE score ranged from 0.91 to 1.68. Results were consistent across multiple types of justice system contact and geographic regions. Independent variable - Data extracted from each eligible study included information about the study design, study population, sample size,

Nyamekye Artis 12 exposure and outcome measures, and key findings. Study quality was assessed by using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for nonrandomized trials. Dependent Variable - 5 databases for studies conducted through January 2020. The search term used for each database was as follows: ("aces" OR "childhood adversities") AND ("delinquency" OR "crime" OR "juvenile" OR criminal* OR offend*). iv. Turney, Kristin & Wildeman, Christopher. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences among children placed in and adopted from foster care : Evidence from a nationally representative survey. Child Abuse & Neglect. 64. 117-129. 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.009. Findings : children placed in foster care or adopted from foster care, compared to their counterparts, were more likely to experience parental divorce or separation, parental death, parental incarceration, parental abuse, violence exposure, household member mental illness, and household member substance abuse. These children were also more likely to experience ACEs than children across different thresholds of socioeconomic disadvantage (e.g., children in households with incomes below the poverty line) and across different family structures (e.g., children in single-mother families). Independent variable : Data from the National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) Dependent Variable : data from the 2011 – 2012 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH), a nationally representative sample of non - institutionalized children ages 0 – 17 in the United States, to estimate the association between foster care placement and exposure to an array of ACEs. V. Conclusion: Research the correlation of foster care, anti-abortion laws, ACEs, and criminal behavior. a. Sources of data have provided enough information on the topic of anti-abortion laws, foster care, and ACEs. b. Strengths of the research provide a comprehensive understanding of ACEs and their relation to criminal behavior in adulthood. c. Weaknesses of this research are that it may not account for all possible confounding variables that could impact foster care placements, ACEs, and criminal behavior.

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Nyamekye Artis 13 d. Missing from the literature is the research on the role of mediating factors, such as social support systems, economic conditions, and access to mental health services, in the relationship between anti-abortion laws, foster care placements, ACEs, and criminal behavior. e. This study will answer the quest ion, “ With the anti-abortion laws in effect, it could increase the number of children in foster care, which could lead to adverse childhood experiences and more likely cause criminal behavior in adulthood?” By addressing the number of children in the foster care system with the anti-abortion laws in effect and whether adverse childhood experiences increase the chances of criminal behavior in adulthood. i. This study will use the independent variables: systemic database, questionnaire survey, quantitative comparative studies, the National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) , and the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). ii. This study will use the dependent variables: questionnaire surveys, offenders, foster care children, longitudinal studies, and systemic databases. The dependent variable will also use race and age as a factor. iii. The methodology of this study: Methodology: national longitudinal studies, questionnaires, systematic database, and Quantitative causal comparative studies.

Proposal 3- Literature Review and Annotated outline

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