4-2 Final Project Milestone Two Review of Current and Past Research

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4-2 Final Project Milestone Two: Review of Current and Past Research Tiffany White Southern New Hampshire University SOC 324: Sociology of Crime and Violence Kelle Daniels February 11, 2024

Annotated bibliography 1. Bark N. (2014). Prisoner mental health in the USA. International psychiatry: Bulletin of the Board of International Affairs of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 11(3), 53–55.  This article examines the state of prisoner mental health in the United States, offering insights into the challenges and conditions faced by incarcerated individuals. It is a concise source providing an overview of the mental health landscape within the U.S. prison system. 2. Bao, J. (2020, March 9). Prisons: The New Asylums. Harvardpolitics.com.  Bao's article explores the notion of prisons becoming the new asylums, shedding light on the increasing role of correctional facilities in managing individuals with mental health issues. The source provides a contemporary perspective on the intersection of mental health and incarceration. 3. Gibson, K. (2024, January 2). A timeline of Gypsy Rose Blanchard’s murder case and release from prison. Peoplemag.  This timeline article details the Gypsy Rose Blanchard murder case, offering insights into the criminal justice system's handling of individuals with mental health issues. It serves as a specific case study, providing a real-world example for understanding the complexities involved. 4. Pinals, D. A. (2023, December 8). For too many with mental illness, incarceration is the default. The Pew Charitable Trusts.

 Dr. Pinals' article discusses the default nature of incarceration for individuals with mental illness. It provides valuable perspectives on the systemic issues contributing to the overrepresentation of mentally ill individuals in the criminal justice system, supported by data and analysis. 5. Alderton, M. (2019, November 13). Mental health versus the prison system: Is jail making prisoners worse?. Insight Digital Magazine.  Alderton's piece critically evaluates the impact of incarceration on mental health, questioning whether the prison system exacerbates the mental health of prisoners. The source provides a thoughtful examination of the relationship between mental health and the prison environment. 6. Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2002). Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World psychiatry: Official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 1(1), 16–20.  This seminal work explores the profound impact of stigma on individuals with mental illness. Corrigan and Watson delve into the psychological and societal dimensions of stigma, providing crucial insights into the challenges faced by those with mental health conditions. 7. Fox, A. B., Earnshaw, V. A., Taverna, E. C., & Vogt, D. (2018). Conceptualizing and Measuring Mental Illness Stigma: The Mental Illness Stigma Framework and Critical Review of Measures. Stigma and health, 3(4), 348–376. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000104  Fox et al. contribute to the field by presenting the Mental Illness Stigma Framework, offering a comprehensive conceptualization of mental illness stigma. This critical review

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of measures enhances our understanding of the complexities in measuring and addressing stigma related to mental health. 8. Green, E. (2020, May 4). Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. ICJIA. https://icjia.illinois.gov/researchhub/articles/mental-illness-and-violence-is-there-a-link/  Green's article explores the relationship between mental illness and violence, providing a nuanced perspective. Situated within the criminal justice context, it critically examines the common stereotypes linking mental illness to violent behavior, offering evidence- based insights from research conducted by the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. These sources collectively contribute to an understanding of the complex dynamics between mental health and the criminal justice system, offering insights into challenges, systemic issues, and potential areas for reform.

Outline  Position Statement  My chosen topic is the role of prisons as mental health institutions, a subject personally significant due to family members' incarceration despite evident mental health needs. Recognizing prisons' dual role is crucial for human rights and public safety. Misusing prisons for mental health risks harm to inmates and staff, necessitating safer conditions. Addressing this is vital for mitigating risks, combating mental health stigma, and allocating resources effectively for impactful treatments beyond the criminal justice system.  Stereotypes Persistent stereotypes about "Prisons as Mental Health Institutions" shape public views, exacerbating challenges for those with mental health needs in the criminal justice system. The stereotype of inherent dangerousness fosters biased beliefs, leading to harsh judgments and unwarranted incarceration. This stereotype oversimplifies the mental health-criminal behavior link, lacking validity. Media perpetuates these misconceptions, particularly in crime dramas portraying individuals with mental health issues as unpredictable and violent. The Stereotype of Inability to Participate in Society isolates individuals, reinforcing biases and hindering integration efforts, worsening involvement with the criminal justice system. This stereotype is invalid, generalizing capabilities without recognizing diversity. Media depictions further this misconception, portraying individuals with mental health conditions as socially incapable.

Tied to this is the Stereotype of Criminalization of Symptoms, misunderstanding mental health behaviors as deliberate criminal acts. Media sensationalizes incidents without considering mental health aspects, framing behavior solely as criminal without addressing underlying mental health issues. The Lack of Accountability and the notion that all individuals with mental health conditions are the same hinder support and treatment, impeding tailored interventions and policy development. The Lack of Accountability stereotype oversimplifies the mental health-accountability relationship, while the idea that all individuals are the same oversimplifies the diverse nature of mental health conditions. Both stereotypes limit progress toward understanding mental health issues. Lack of Accountability is portrayed in media where characters are entirely excused without exploring complexities, while stereotypical characterizations depict individuals uniformly. Addressing and challenging these stereotypes is crucial for an accurate understanding of the mental health-criminal justice relationship. Advocating for nuanced media portrayals and raising awareness can dismantle stigmas and promote positive change.  Social Change The shift in perceiving prisons as mental health institutions has instigated significant societal transformations. An increasing recognition of the imperative for mental health services within prison settings has led to the introduction of mental health treatment programs in numerous correctional facilities. An illustration of this shift is evident in the high-profile Gypsy Rose case, currently prominent in the media. This case has been

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extensively covered through movies, articles, shows, and a documentary produced by Gypsy herself in collaboration with Lifetime this past year.  History Interpretations Historical interpretations of mental health within the criminal justice system, embedded within relevant social structures like institutions and culture, provide profound insights into the changing perspectives and responses to this issue over time. Exploring the early treatment of mental health in legal and penal systems reveals the emergence of mental health institutions and the development of psychiatric practices. Cultural attitudes towards individuals with mental health conditions intersecting with the criminal justice system are discerned by considering prevailing beliefs and societal norms. Historical events, such as the Civil War and slavery, significantly influenced mental health perceptions and practices within the criminal justice system. Presidential interventions and their impact on mental health policies shaped the trajectory of mental health within the system. Economic downturns, like the Great Depression, affected mental health services and their integration within the criminal justice system. Policy changes, including the introduction of Medicaid and the Affordable Care Act, have had lasting effects. Tracing quantitative changes over time, such as the shift in the ratio of prisoners to mental hospital patients, reflects broader societal attitudes and policies. State disparities in this ratio, linked to imprisonment rates and mental health expenditures, highlight regional cultural influences. The role of litigation in improving mental health services within prisons and diverting mentally ill individuals from the criminal justice system is a testament to the ongoing evolution of this complex issue in American history.

 Modern Interpretations Modern interpretations of the interplay between mental health and the criminal justice system underscore a complex dynamic within relevant social structures. Evidenced by narratives such as those of Ty and Teresa in the Article titled “For Too Many With Mental Illness, Incarceration is the Default”, jails inadvertently function as de facto mental health institutions, a role not originally designed for these facilities. This systemic failure is apparent in the overwhelming presence of individuals with mental illnesses within correctional settings. Moreover, contemporary perspectives highlight the interconnected nature of trauma, substance use disorders, and mental health challenges. Teresa's narrative serves as an exemplar, illustrating how a history of abuse, substance use disorders, and mental health diagnoses contributes to her recurrent involvement with the criminal justice system. Racial and socioeconomic disparities within the criminal justice system are emphasized in the narratives, with specific mention of Black, Hispanic, Native American, and economically disadvantaged individuals facing disproportionate impacts, revealing systemic inequalities. The narratives also draw attention to escalating national concerns, particularly suicide rates and substance use disorders among the incarcerated, indicating a pressing issue demanding comprehensive attention. Additionally, the narratives touch on the intricate facets of mental distress and encounters with law enforcement, supported by evidence citing a report by the Treatment Advocacy Center, which notes that 1 in 4 people fatally shot by police suffered from mental distress. In conclusion, these modern interpretations underscore the need for comprehensive reforms to address mental health challenges within the criminal justice context, recognizing

systemic issues and the unintended reliance on correctional facilities as de facto mental health institutions.

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References Bark N. (2014). Prisoner mental health in the USA. International psychiatry : bulletin of the Board of International Affairs of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 11(3), 53–55. Bao, J. (2020, March 9). Prisons: The New Asylums. Harvardpolitics.com. https://harvardpolitics.com/prisons-the-new-asylums/ Gibson, K. (2024, January 2). A timeline of Gypsy Rose Blanchard’s murder case and release from prison. Peoplemag. https://people.com/gypsy-rose-blanchard-murder-case- timeline-8421449 Pinals, D. A. (2023, December 8). For too many with mental illness, incarceration is the default. The Pew Charitable Trusts. https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/trend/archive/fall- 2023/for-too-many-with-mental-illness-incarceration-is-the-default Alderton, M. (2019, November 13). Mental health versus the prison system: Is jail making prisoners worse?. Insight Digital Magazine. https://www.thechicagoschool.edu/insight/from-the-magazine/crimes-of-the-mind/ Bao, J. (2020, March 9). Prisons: The New Asylums. Harvardpolitics.com. https://harvardpolitics.com/prisons-the-new-asylums/

Green , E. (2020, May 4). Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. ICJIA. https://icjia.illinois.gov/researchhub/articles/mental-illness-and-violence-is-there-a-link/ Fox, A. B., Earnshaw, V. A., Taverna, E. C., & Vogt, D. (2018). Conceptualizing and Measuring Mental Illness Stigma: The Mental Illness Stigma Framework and Critical Review of Measures. Stigma and health, 3(4), 348–376. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000104 Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2002). Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 1(1), 16–20.

4-2 Final Project Milestone Two Review of Current and Past Research

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