GEN499- W3_Annotated Bibliography_Template

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1 Poverty and Income Inequality Student Name GEN499: General Education Instructor's Name Date Submitted

Introduction: Poverty and the widening income inequality have become a defining issue of our time, impacting millions of people globally. The world bank defines poverty as the pronounced deficiency in well-being' (Haughton & Khandker, 2009, p. 1), while income inequality is the disparity in the distribution of disposable income between people, social classes, populations or nations (Dabla-Norris et al., 2015). The United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commission (OHCHR) considers poverty and income inequality as issues that erode the economic and social rights of the people (OHCHR, n.d). For instance, in the United States, people living in abject poverty may not be able to access certain human rights and benefits such as safe work conditions, education, housing, clean water, health services, and basic sanitation. Women and girls in less developed nations where poverty levels are significantly high are also deprived of opportunities to equal employment as their male counterparts, reproductive health and rights, and maternal health, and may be exposed to gender-based violence (GBV). Not surprising, then, is how poverty and income inequality has become one of the most hotly debated issues. Even so, research into this area is important, but it must be conducted in a way that respects the dignity and autonomy of individuals and communities affected by poverty and inequality. This can help policymakers and researchers uncover root causes and help them influence or reshape the next-generation initiatives to achieve the UN's transformative promise of the 2030 agenda of eradicating poverty and reducing inequalities that undermine people's potential and humanity (UN). Therefore, as nations across the globe embark on reshaping the next-generation initiatives for poverty and income inequality reduction, it is imperative to prioritize education and skills development and advocate for the recognition of the right to development as well as social and economic rights through people-centered development. 2

Thesis Statement : As nations across the globe embark on reshaping the next-generation initiatives for poverty and income inequality reduction, it is imperative to prioritize education and skills development and advocate for the recognition of the right to development as well as social and economic rights through people-centered development. Annotation 1 Dabla-Norris, E., Kochhar, K., Suphaphiphat, N., Ricka, F., & Tsounta, E., (2015, June). Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality: A Global Perspective. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) . https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2015/sdn1513.pdf This article aimed to evaluate some of the most notable divergent trends responsible for the development of poverty and inequality across emerging markets and developing countries (EMDC) and advanced economies. The article particularly focuses on the poor and middle-class populaces. The article found factors such as technological progress (as well as globalization) have resulted in improved productivity & growth (rising skill premium) but, on the downside, a decline in certain labor market institutions, essentially contributing to inequalities. The authors defend this claim contending that the rise in skill premiums has aggravated the income inequality gap as well as its drivers in advanced economies and EMDCs. The authors justify the rising inequality concerns using numbers (such as measuring the Gini Coefficient and the regression results of the global income distribution) and graphical illustrations (Histograms, line charts, maps, and column 3

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charts) to make it easier for readers to synthesize the information. Moreover, the authors draw from works created by other intellectuals and reputable organizations such as the IMF, World Bank, and the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This source will be appropriate for my research because it addresses the issue of poverty and the widening income inequality in developed nations. Also, this article addresses some of the most notable trends or factors leading up to increased disparities between the poor and the rich. Finally, the evidence provided in this article is wide in scope, which means my research questions are comprehensively addressed. Annotation 2 Fukuda-Parr, S., & Smaavik Hegstad, T. (2019). "Leaving no one behind" as a site of contestation and reinterpretation. Journal of Globalization and Development , 9 (2), 20180037. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp- content/uploads/sites/45/post/CDP-bp-2018-47.pdf This article by Fukuda-Parr & Smaavik Hegstad (2019) sought to evaluate how dominant ideas emerge through the process of contestation, particularly in the negotiation and implementation of the 2030 Agenda (Leave no one behind (LNOB)), whose aim is to eradicate poverty. According to the article, the agenda to eradicate poverty and reduce the income inequality gap can be conceptualized as a multi-sectorial strategy for sustainable development. There is a shred of significant evidence that most nations approach the global problem of income inequality and poverty by enforcing social protection and 4

social investments, but it seems to pay very little attention to the root cause of the exclusion of poor neighborhoods, communities, or populations. The authors infuse the use of numbers and statistics to show how LNOB is conceptualized in different countries, as well as tables which makes it significantly easier to synthesize the information. This article relates to my research topic because it addresses the 2030 Agenda of poverty and income eradication and gauges varied opinions by analyzing 43 voluntary national reports. The article supports other sources around this topic because it discusses how the agenda to eradicate poverty and reduce the income inequality gap related to human rights principles, inclusion, non-discrimination and prioritizing people left behind. One area of contradiction is that the article claims that the goal of poverty eradication, as stipulated in the 2030 Agenda has weak measures for operationalization. This may have a huge implication for policies. Nonetheless, the article answers my research questions by detailing how the LNOB frames the poverty and inequality agenda, essentially setting a high bar for action. Annotation 3 Lu, Y. C., Walker, R., Richard, P., & Younis, M. (2020). Inequalities in poverty and income between single mothers and fathers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 17 (1), 135. https://sci- hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1108/01443581111128370 The article by Lu et al. (2020) aimed to examine the key disparities in single-parent families based on poverty status and household income. In order to achieve this, the 5

authors use a set of nationwide sensor data. It is also imperative to note that the author's main argument is that there is a significant income disparity between men and women, especially for divorced and unmarried women with children. Following the collection and analysis of data from a panel study of income dynamics (PSID) as well as longitudinal surveys, which were used to collect social economic and demographic data, the researchers found that there were significant differences between single fathers and single mothers in terms of total income, taxable income, and poverty status. Markedly, these results are reflective of the vulnerability of single women and girls, and so policymakers should focus on these groups when developing or reshaping the next-generation initiatives for poverty and income inequality eradication. The article is relevant to my research because it addresses groups more vulnerable to poverty among diverse racial groups. Besides, the source draws from other sources/ research papers and makes meaningful conclusions based on these findings. Annotation 4 Apergis, N., Dincer, O., & Payne, J. E. (2011). On the dynamics of poverty and income inequality in US states. Journal of Economic Studies , 38 (2), 132-143. https://sci- hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1108/01443581111128370 This article aimed to examine the relationship between income inequality and poverty, both in the short-term and long-term. Additionally, the article sought to understand whether this relationship is unidirectional or bidirectional. The authors investigated the 6

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causality between these global issues within a multivariate framework, drawing data from 50 states. In terms of structure, the article contains an introduction section, design and methodology/approach, a discussion of findings, and concluding remarks. Findings from this article reveal that there is a bidirectional relationship between income inequality and poverty, both in the short-term and long run. For instance, the authors acknowledged that income inequality is linked to unemployment rates and has a significant impact on poverty, per capita personal income as well as the level of education. The authors use numbers to show statistical values, essentially aiding in the effective communication of findings, improving objectivity and precisions, and making it easier for other researchers to use the same data and methods to conduct their own analysis. This study is relevant to my research; it approaches the problem of poverty and income inequality as a challenge that is not specific to developed nations, explaining the short-term and long-term dynamics of the issue. Finally, the study supports other research sources and adds to the available empirical literature. Annotation 5 Nasir, A., & Mridha, H. A. (2017). Does income inequality dampen growth's effect on poverty? Evidence from the US county data. The Journal of Developing Areas, 51(4 ), 167–177. https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2017.0095 The article by Nasir & Mridha (2017) sought to uncover the dampening effect or the negative impact of burgeoning income inequality on the rates of poverty. The authors argue (in light of growth elasticity) that the rise in inequality weakens the magnitude of 7

growth effects on reducing poverty. In terms of structure, this source includes sections such as abstract, introduction, empirical models and variables (where authors estimated alternative specifications of poverty models), and conclusions. Evidence from the article shows that income growth does not necessarily alleviate the burden of poverty but rather dampens the magnitude of the growth effect. These results show that the mere adoption of pro-income growth policies is less likely to resolve the problem of poverty in the long term. It is imperative to note that the authors use statistical data, tables, and graphical illustrations to make it easier for readers to understand the information. This resource will support my research, particularly in the reiteration of the idea that policy interventions should focus on pro-income growth strategies that target people living in lower-income quintiles in order to be effective. A critical assessment of this resource, combined with other sources, will help me to lay a solid foundation and argument on what the next-generation initiatives for poverty eradication should focus on, thus answering my research question. 8

References Apergis, N., Dincer, O., & Payne, J. E. (2011). On the dynamics of poverty and income inequality in US states. Journal of Economic Studies , 38 (2), 132-143. https://sci- hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1108/01443581111128370 Dabla-Norris, E., Kochhar, K., Suphaphiphat, N., Ricka, F., & Tsounta, E., (2015, June). Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality: A Global Perspective. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) . https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2015/sdn1513.pdf Fukuda-Parr, S., & Smaavik Hegstad, T. (2019). "Leaving no one behind" as a site of contestation and reinterpretation. Journal of Globalization and Development , 9 (2), 20180037. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp- content/uploads/sites/45/post/CDP-bp-2018-47.pdf Hagen-Zanker, J., Postel, H., & Vidal, E. M. (2017). Poverty, migration and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Briefing Paper. London: Overseas Development Institute . https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/11743.pdf Haughton, J., & Khandker, S. R. (2009). Handbook on poverty + inequality . World Bank Publications. Lu, Y. C., Walker, R., Richard, P., & Younis, M. (2020). Inequalities in poverty and income between single mothers and fathers. International Journal of environmental research and public health , 17 (1), 135. https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1108/01443581111128370 Nasir, A., & Mridha, H. A. (2017). Does income inequality dampen growth's effect on poverty? Evidence from the US county data. The Journal of Developing Areas, 51(4 ), 167–177. https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2017.0095 9

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