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Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non- numerical data to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences (Bhandari, 2020). It can be used to gather in- depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research. Qualitative research is the opposite of quantitative research, which involves collecting and analyzing numerical data for statistical analysis. Qualitative research is commonly used in the humanities and social sciences, in subjects such as anthropology, sociology, education, health sciences, history, etc. (Bhandari, 2020). Each of the research approaches involve using one or more data collection methods. These are some of the most common qualitative methods: Observations, recording what you have seen, heard, or encountered in detail field notes; Interviews, personally asking people questions in one-on-one conversations; Focus groups, asking questions and generating discussion among a group of people; Surveys, distributing questionnaires with open-ended questions; and secondary research, collecting existing data in the form of texts, images, audio or video recordings, etc. (Bhandari, 2020). Healthcare research is a systematic inquiry intended to generate trustworthy evidence about issues in the field of medicine and healthcare. The three principal approaches to health research are the quantitative, the qualitative, and the mixed methods approach (Renjith, Yesodharan, Noronha, Ladd, & George, 2021). Qualitative research incorporates the recording, interpreting, and analyzing of non-numeric data with an attempt to uncover the deeper meanings of human experiences and behaviors. In healthcare, qualitative research is widely used to understand patterns of health behaviors, describe lived experiences, develop behavioral theories, explore healthcare needs, and design interventions (Renjith, Yesodharan, Noronha, Ladd, & George, 2021). Focus group interviewing is common in implementation studies and can be effective for gathering rich information about settings, experiences with health services and care

models as well as perspectives on interventions and implementation strategies (Hamiltion & Finley, 2019). Focus groups can also be an important way to engage stakeholders and invite their input on issues related to implementation and to better understand the environment of care and contextual factors that may impact implementation. However, focus groups are not appropriate for gaining an in-depth understanding of treatment processes or exploring sensitive topics particularly if there is likely to be meaningful variation in participants’ views, needs, or practices (Hamiltion & Finley, 2019). References Bhandari, P. (2020). What is Qualitative Research? Methods & Examples . Scribbr: https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/qualitative- research/ Hamiltion, A. B., & Finley, E. P. (2019). Qualitative Methods in Implementation Research: An Introduction . Psychiatry Res: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7023962/ Renjith, V., Yesodharan, R., Noronha, J. A., Ladd, E., & George, A. (2021). Qualitative Methods in Health Care Research . International Journal of Preventive Medicine: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8106287/

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