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Moreover, the pervasive use of racial profiling and police abuse fosters distrust and hostility, which makes it more difficult to combat gang violence. Subsequently, the community can create cooperative initiatives that entail the community and law enforcement to promote accountability, understanding, and trust to distrust and hostility triggered by racial profiling and police abuse. According to research by Anrango Narvaez et al. (2023), fostering civil relations between police and communities and establishing procedural justice leads to fostering mutual respect and promoting a sense of trust. The Richmond Police Department established the Office of Neighbourhood Safety (ONS) in 2007 as a component of its community policing initiatives. Through active community engagement, the ONS was successful in fostering trust, averting violence, and tackling the underlying causes of criminality in society (King et al., 2022). Additionally, police officers collaborated with community leaders and members to learn about the needs and issues of the community to resolve complex social issues.