Role of Social networking Sites during Social Movements

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1 Discuss the R ole of S ocial networking S ites during S ocial M ovements Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation C ourse D ate

2 Discuss the R ole of S ocial networking S ites during S ocial M ovements Over the last few years, social media has been heavily used in social movements. People's high connectivity, rapid information diffusion, and lower individual costs have contributed to a shift to the online sphere. One method studied is hashtag activism, which is defined as an approach "to raise awareness of an issue and encourage debate" through hashtags on social media ( Kidd and McIntosh, 2016). We are more interested in who is involved in these movements and what they share, even though hashtag activism and how it has been organized is a fascinating field in and of itself. ICT development has changed how users interact with social media and online communities. According to earlier studies, this was achieved by lowering the costs associated with individual participation, improving information accessibility for the general public, promoting user connectivity, and creating a platform where users can create their content. Individual responses to this affect social movements.In contrast to more structured offline social activities where people are primarily passive, social movements on social media enable people to transition from a passive state of participation to self-organized participation. A personalized expression of identity, communication, and sharing is far more important for organization and coordination than conventional structures like formal organizations and leaders ( Harlow, 2012 ) . As a result, social movements became much more autonomous and leaderless. Social media increases people's willingness to participate while empowering them to make informed decisions about their participation. It made it easier to organize protests.Given this, it is not surprising that social media can support a movement's success and information dissemination. Furthermore, it was claimed that social media contributed to the success of social movements. Examples of social media-enabled

3 movements include the Arab Spring, Occupy Wall Street in the US, Los Indignados in Spain, and the #YoSoy132 movement in Mexico. Although these protests began offline, they were now being fought online. It was discovered that these could aid a movement's online and offline success, consistent with the aforementioned social media features. Nonetheless, there were some drawbacks to this new development. Although participation appeared to be high overall, "keyboard warrior" or "slacktivism" indicate that accurate identification with a movement may still be low ( Hwang and Kim, 2 015 ). The #metoo discussion, according to this article, introduced a brand-new factor: the movement was born online and did not take off until it did. The crucial role of social media was made even more apparent by this shift in focus, specifically from the online to the offline world. We suggest that this study begins by examining participating individuals and their online behavior better to understand the hows and whys of this change. Previous research has examined the role of specific actors within this movement, differences in communication patterns between two social media sites, and content communication through social media in social activities. These components have not been put together yet, however. Less information is available regarding the particular content shared by specific user groups. To further one's understanding of social movements on social media, it is essential to comprehend the dynamics of communication among the various groups participating in a social movement ( Brünker et al., 2020). As a result, this article will examine the #metoo movement as one contemporary illustration of such a social movement. Tarana Burke, a social activist, coined the phrase "Me Too" in 2006 to empower women who had been sexually abused. The grassroots movement, though, did not receive widespread media coverage until October 2017. According to Brünker

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4 et al. (2020), Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein was accused of sexual misconduct in a New York Times article. Actress Alyssa Milano tweeted, "Write'me too as a reply to this tweet if you have been sexually harassed or assaulted." This was in response to the increasing number of allegations of sexual harassment and assault. Following this, the hashtag quickly gained traction and became a social movement against sexual harassment and assault, particularly in the workplace. It had been used more than 500.000 times on Twitter within 24 hours. In response to Milano's tweet, users on Twitter and other social media platforms reacted to and discussed their experiences with sexual misconduct. The hashtag was used and shared on Twitter, which had its icon, and on Facebook, Reddit, and several online news articles ( Afnan et al., 2019). The hashtag movement has gained global traction despite its origins in the United States. Within a short time, it had spread to all of the world's nations, causing significant effects not only in the United States, such as street marches. Impacts of the #MeToo Movement Public Awareness of Violence and Sexual Harassment Issues Has Increased Raising public awareness and sensitivity about sexual harassment and assault issues in the US and around the world is one of the objectives of the #MeToo Movement. the greatest efficiency. One-third of all women worldwide experience sexual violence, according to the World Health Organization. A 2017 survey by The Washington Post and ABC News found that 95% of Americans believe that such behavior is acceptable and that 54% of American women have experienced "unwanted and inappropriate" sexual advances.

5 Numerous studies show that, while the #MeToo movement was not the first to empower sexual abuse victims, it has gained notoriety for its tenacity; these studies show that the campaign significantly raised awareness and inspired action. People Feeling Confident to Speak Up Evidence suggests that the #MeToo movement has sparked more than just debate now that it has entered the national conversation. Google searches for information about sexual abuse are becoming more common. According to John Ayers, a senior researcher and adjunct associate professor at the University of California, San Diego, millions of people were looking for sexual assault support online even months after the #MeToo movement began ( Hillstrom, 2018 ) . According to the EEOC, sexual harassment and related retaliation claims have increased by 13.6% since 2017. Individuals Working in the Entertainment Industry Have Better Protection To better protect its members, SAG-AFTRA, which represents over 160,000 actors and media artists, has put new initiatives, policies, and procedures in place. For instance, SAG-AFTRA launched its Four Pillars of Change Initiative and improved the artist harassment reporting process. In order to safeguard actors during intimate scenes, the company also updated its Intimacy Coordinators policy. Increased E mphasis on preventive M easures and W orkplace training The fight against sexual harassment is becoming more and more intense, and employers are putting forth more effort to maintain a safe, encouraging, and valuable workplace. Companies make sure that employees receive adequate training and that all necessary measures are taken to carry out unbiased investigations into allegations of sexual harassment and other claims. For instance, every two years, employers with five or more employees, including those who work outside the state, are required to offer sexual harassment prevention training to all of their staff. According to

6 LeanIn.org, 70% of employees claim that their employers have addressed sexual harassment at work. Passing Legislation to Protect Victims After the #MeToo movement, numerous state legislatures have been active. The following laws, according to Kovach, were passed by the California legislature in the previous two years. 1. Non-Disparagement Clauses (CA Senate Bill 300) – Employers cannot condition a settlement on an employee's agreement to a non-disparagement clause. 2. Non-Disclosure Agreements (NDAs)/ Confidentiality (CA Senate Bills 300 and 820) - Employers cannot impose a settlement condition requiring workers to maintain the confidentiality of the terms of the settlement agreement. The states of New York and New Jersey have passed similar laws. 3. No Waiver of Discrimination and Harassment Claims (Senate Bill 300 in California) - Employers are not permitted to demand that employees waive their state-level claims of discrimination or harassment as a condition of settlement. 4. Participation or Testimony in Other Civil or Criminal Proceedings (Senate Bill 3109 in California) - Employers may not impose a participation or testimony requirement on workers in any other civil, criminal, or legislative proceeding. Conclusion The #MeToo Movement has significantly impacted how sexual harassment, assault, and violence claims are handled in the workplace and other settings, as well as how they are perceived by society as a whole. There will be effects from this movement for many years to come as it develops. Over the last few years, social

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7 media has been heavily used in social activities. People's high connectivity, rapid information diffusion, and lower individual costs have contributed to a shift to the online sphere. One method studied is hashtag activism, which is defined as an approach "to raise awareness of an issue and encourage debate" through hashtags on social media. We are more interested in who is involved in these movements and what they share, even though hashtag activism and how it has been organized is a fascinating field in and of itself.

8 References Afnan, T., Huang, H. Y., Sclafani, M., & Bashir, M. (2019). Putting a price on social movements: A case study of# metoo on instagram. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology , 56 (1), 1-9. Brünker, F., Wischnewski, M., Mirbabaie, M., & Meinert, J. (2020). The role of social media during social movements–observations from the# metoo debate on Twitter. Harlow, S. (2012). Social media and social movements: Facebook and an online Guatemalan justice movement that moved offline. New media & society , 14 (2), 225-243. Hillstrom, L. C. (2018). The# metoo movement . ABC-CLIO. Hwang, H., & Kim, K. O. (2015). Social media as a tool for social movements: The effect of social media use and social capital on intention to participate in social movements. International Journal of Consumer Studies , 39 (5), 478-488. Kidd, D., & McIntosh, K. (2016). Social media and social movements. Sociology Compass , 10 (9), 785-794. Kovach, M. (2020). The impact of# MeToo: A review of leaders with supervisor power on employee motivation. The Journal of Values-Based Leadership , 13 (1), 13.

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