HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN AMERICA ( ANNOTATED)

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Cameron University *

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Sociology

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Nov 24, 2024

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1 Human Trafficking in America Anthony Sherfield AMU Professor Gauvreau October 29 th 2023

2 Outline Human Trafficking in America  Sex trafficking and counseling effects of dealing with survivors of this crime.  Analysis on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and health risk behaviors to determine risk profiles for juvenile human trafficking (JHT).  Transgender experiences of trafficking, the accessibility of anti-trafficking services for them, and the perspective of anti-trafficking supporters and the police department.  A synopsis of the factors that promote, hinder, and suggest ways to improve the delivery of medical and mental health services to children who have been trafficked.  Human trafficking screening methods and response procedures to direct policy, research, and practice.  The growing recognition of human trafficking as a worldwide public health issue, which has detrimental effects on the well-being of individuals, families, and communities.  How EMS workers may be in a particularly strong position to help victims of human trafficking.  The healthcare systems play recognizing and responding to trafficked.  The assessment of the availability and validity of methods for identifying and screening victims of human trafficking in healthcare settings.  The methods employed in studies attempting to estimate the prevalence of human trafficking.  The investigation on how treatment professionals in the United States react to victims of these crimes.

3 Human Trafficking in America Litam, S. D. A. (2018). Human Sex Trafficking in America: What Counselors Need to Know. Professional Counselor , 7 (1), 45-61. Litam's paper summarizes the research on sex trafficking and discusses the counseling effects of dealing with survivors of this crime. The author argues that contrary to popular belief, most victims of sex trafficking are exploited by people of the same nationality rather than being moved over international borders. The study concludes that the demand for sexual exploitation is what truly drives the social injustice known as sex trafficking, rather than societal and cultural norms, poverty, gender disparity, or early life experiences. Reid, J. A., Baglivio, M. T., Piquero, A. R., Greenwald, M. A., & Epps, N. (2019). No youth left behind to human trafficking: Exploring profiles of risk. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 89 (6), 704. The purpose of this research was to analyze data on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and health risk behaviors to determine risk profiles for juvenile human trafficking (JHT). Adolescents who reported JHT abuse were also more inclined to report child abuse as well as internalizing health risk behaviors indicative of self-harm and efforts to deal with trauma, according to the study's findings. This essay argued that current stereotypes of adolescent victims of human trafficking are excessively simplistic, which could result in serious gaps in health care and other services for many of these youth. Fehrenbacher, A. E., Musto, J., Hoefinger, H., Mai, N., Macioti, P. G., Giametta, C., & Bennachie, C. (2020). Transgender people and human trafficking: Intersectional exclusion of transgender migrants and people of color from anti-trafficking protection in the United States. Journal of Human Trafficking , 6 (2), 182-194.

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4 Transgender people's experiences of trafficking, the accessibility of anti-trafficking services for them, and the perspective of anti-trafficking supporters and the police department were all provided in this study. The results show that anti-trafficking interventions rarely take into account the fact that trans migrants and persons of color in the sex industry are intersectionally susceptible to exploitation and criminalization. They also discovered that most groups fighting trafficking claim to welcome trans clients but fail to do so. Albright, K., Greenbaum, J., Edwards, S. A., & Tsai, C. (2020). Systematic review of facilitators of, barriers to, and recommendations for healthcare services for child survivors of human trafficking globally. Child abuse & neglect , 100 , 104289. The primary purpose of this research was to provide a synopsis of the factors that promote, hinder, and suggest ways to improve the delivery of medical and mental health services to children who have been trafficked. Even though the authors claim that child trafficking is linked to a variety of physical and mental health issues, little is known about the elements that either help or hurt the provision of high-quality healthcare services to trafficked children. This article provides a wealth of information for medical practitioners and administrators looking to serve better the medical and psychological needs of children who have been trafficked. Macy, R. J., Klein, L. B., Shuck, C. A., Rizo, C. F., Van Deinse, T. B., Wretman, C. J., & Luo, J. (2023). A scoping review of human trafficking screening and response. Trauma, violence, & abuse , 24 (3), 1202-1219. This paper methodically sought out and consolidated data on human trafficking screening methods and response procedures to direct policy, research, and practice in this emerging area. Although this study's findings are still in their nascent stages, they do give vital data regarding how service providers can better detect and respond to those facing human trafficking. Authors

5 noted that despite the importance of identifying trafficking, identification alone may not be enough to help solve trafficking without a swift and meaningful reaction. Gallo, M., Thinyane, H., & Teufel, J. (2022). Community health centers and sentinel surveillance of human trafficking in the United States. Public Health Reports , 137 (1_suppl), 23S-29S. This study highlights the growing recognition of human trafficking as a worldwide public health issue, which has detrimental effects on the well-being of individuals, families, and communities. It leads to a wide range of negative physical and mental health consequences. This article highlights the multifaceted nature of human trafficking, which is influenced by a wide range of social factors. It explores how human trafficking can take shape in different forms, such as commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor. Donnelly, E. A., Oehme, K., Barris, D., & Melvin, R. (2019). What do EMS professionals know about human trafficking? An exploratory study. Journal of human trafficking , 5 (4), 325-335. This research argues that EMS workers may be in a particularly strong position to help victims of human trafficking. This survey aimed to fill that void by gauging how much people know about and feel about trafficking in EMS personnel. These authors argue that the United States has become a more attractive market for human traffickers due to a consistent rise in crime since 2007. The article states that an EMS should be well-versed and have simple access to local resources for aiding victims. Tortolero, G. A. (2020). Human Trafficking Victim Identification and Response Within the United States Healthcare System. The International Association for Healthcare Security and Safety Foundation .

6 This article argues that healthcare systems play a crucial role in recognizing and responding to trafficked persons since the majority of victims engage with the healthcare system while being trafficked. Based on the results of this research, it appears that knowledge about human trafficking is extremely limited for safety and security professionals in the healthcare sector and highly variable for healthcare providers. Therefore, the author argues healthcare institutions should create enabling policies and procedures that are adapted to their specific setting. Hainaut, M., Thompson, K. J., Ha, C. J., Herzog, H. L., Roberts, T., & Ades, V. (2022). Are screening tools for identifying human trafficking victims in healthcare settings validated? A scoping review. Public Health Reports , 137 (1_suppl), 63S-72S. The purpose of this research was to assess the availability and validity of methods for identifying and screening victims of human trafficking in healthcare settings. Despite the widespread belief that hospitals and clinics are good places to identify victims, it remains uncertain how reliable, secure, and effective such procedures can be. This paper draws attention to the lack of validation in the peer-reviewed literature for the use of existing screening techniques for the detection of human trafficking in healthcare settings. Scott, J. T., Ingram, A. M., Nemer, S. L., & Crowley, D. M. (2019). Evidence‐based human trafficking policy: Opportunities to invest in trauma‐informed strategies. American journal of community psychology , 64 (3-4), 348-358. In this article, we look at how federal legislation in the United States on human trafficking addresses trauma and how research might be used to steer public policy responses toward trauma-informed practices implicitly. The results of this research provide useful information for informing legislative efforts to promote trauma-informed practice. The authors

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7 discovered that whereas trauma language was linked to slower policy advancement, research language was related to bills being more likely to make it out of Committee and into law. Barrick, K., & Pfeffer, R. (2021). Advances in measurement: a scoping review of prior human trafficking prevalence studies and recommendations for future research. Journal of Human Trafficking , 1-19. The methods employed in studies attempting to estimate the prevalence of human trafficking are discussed in this article. An extensive scoping assessment of previous studies on the incidence of human trafficking was done, and the authors provide a series of recommendations for future studies on this topic, including an examination of the methodology used and the environment in which they were conducted. A greater understanding of the scale and nature of the problem is the first step in combating human trafficking, and the study concludes that stakeholders involved in anti-trafficking initiatives require data to influence their responses in respective jurisdictions. McBride, M. A. (2020). Responding to Victims of Human Trafficking in the United States: A Review of Treatment Providers. The purpose of this two-part study was to investigate how treatment professionals in the United States react to victims of these crimes. The article states that different therapy modalities aim to achieve different things, yet they all use evidence-based methodologies that have been modified for this specific group. This research was conducted to add to the body of knowledge on how to best care for victims of human trafficking. This research aimed to do more than just catalog current facilities; we were also curious about the range of services each program offers and the methods they use to treat their patients.

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