SOC 365 Final Paper

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Sociology

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Jun 24, 2024

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Drug Use and Deviance: Perspectives from Positivism and Social Constructionism 1 Drug Use and Deviance: Perspectives from Positivism and Social Constructionism Rachel A. Ward University of Hawaii at Hilo SOC 365: Sociology of Deviance Marilyn Brown December 7, 2023

Drug Use and Deviance: Perspectives from Positivism and Social Constructionism 2 Drug Use and Deviance: Perspectives from Positivism and Social Constructionism Deviance, as a concept, plays a pivotal role in shaping social norms, values, and behaviors. It refers to actions, beliefs, or conditions that violate societal expectations and go against established norms. Among the various categories of deviance, drug use has long been a topic of significant importance and controversy. Drug use, particularly illicit drug consumption, has been a subject of extensive research and societal concern. Understanding the nature and consequences of drug use deviance is crucial in addressing the associated social, health, and criminal justice issues. To attain a comprehensive understanding of drug use as a category of deviance, it is essential to analyze it from complementary perspectives that shed light on different aspects of this complex phenomenon. This paper aims to explore the concept of drug use as a category of deviance through the lens of two perspectives: positivism and social constructionism. Positivism, as a perspective, focuses on objective reality, scientific methods, and causal explanations. It proposes that deviant behavior arises from inherent individual traits or biological predispositions. This perspective seeks to understand drug use deviance through empirical observation and measurement of physiological and psychological factors. On the other hand, social constructionism emphasizes the subjective and socially constructed nature of deviance. It highlights the role of social interactions, language, and power relationships in defining and labeling deviant behavior. Social constructionism considers drug use deviance as a product of social processes and interpretations, rather than innate characteristics. The research conducted on drug use as a category of deviance reveals the intricacies and multiple dimensions associated with this phenomenon. Numerous studies have examined the causes, patterns, consequences, and social implications of drug use, spanning various disciplines

Drug Use and Deviance: Perspectives from Positivism and Social Constructionism 3 such as sociology, criminology, public health, and psychology. The literature highlights the criminalization of drug use, stigmatization of drug users, harm reduction approaches, social movements, policy interventions, and the impact of cultural and historical contexts on drug deviance. Both positivism and social constructionism offer valuable insights into drug use deviance, addressing different dimensions and offering unique perspectives. Positivism provides evidence-based explanations regarding the physiological and psychological factors contributing to drug use and addiction. It aids in identifying risk factors, patterns, and outcomes related to drug deviance, thereby informing prevention and treatment approaches. On the other hand, social constructionism helps elucidate the social, cultural, and symbolic aspects of drug use deviance. It highlights the influence of societal norms, labeling processes, and power dynamics in shaping perceptions and responses to drug users. By integrating the perspectives of positivism and social constructionism, a more comprehensive understanding of drug use as a category of deviance can be attained. This integration allows for a broader examination of the complexities involved and paves the way for more effective responses and interventions regarding drug-related issues. It encourages the consideration of individual vulnerabilities, societal contexts, cultural meanings, and power dynamics in addressing drug use deviance. In the subsequent sections, we will delve deeper into the positivist and social constructionist perspectives on drug use deviance. By critically analyzing their insights and limitations, we aim to enhance our understanding of this category of deviance and explore avenues for future research and interdisciplinary collaboration. Ultimately, this exploration will contribute to a more holistic approach to addressing drug-related issues in contemporary society.

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Drug Use and Deviance: Perspectives from Positivism and Social Constructionism 4 Positivist Perspective on Drug Use Deviance Positivism is a scientific approach that emphasizes empirical evidence, objective measurement, and causal relationships (Becker, 1963). It seeks to explain human behavior and social phenomena by focusing on measurable and observable factors. When examining drug use deviance from a positivist perspective, several key principles come into play. Firstly, at the individual level, biological factors play a crucial role. Research has uncovered intricate neurobiological mechanisms underlying drug use and addiction (Blum et al., 2000). Genetic factors also contribute significantly to an individual's susceptibility to drug use (Blum et al., 2000). Understanding these neurobiological and genetic predispositions provides insights into why certain individuals may engage in drug use deviance. Secondly, the pharmacological effects and addiction processes must be considered. Drugs exert various effects on the brain, leading to altered behavior and addiction. Factors such as tolerance, withdrawal, and reward systems contribute to the addictive nature of drug use (Nestler, 2005). By examining these effects, positivist research can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of addiction. Furthermore, positivist research allows for the identification of risk factors, patterns, and outcomes associated with drug deviance. This research identifies risk factors such as family history, peer influence, and socioeconomic status that contribute to drug use (Dishion et al., 1999). Additionally, it highlights patterns and outcomes such as increased crime rates and health risks associated with drug use deviance (Caetano, 2003). These findings inform evidence-based prevention and treatment approaches, including educational campaigns, addiction treatments, and policy interventions.

Drug Use and Deviance: Perspectives from Positivism and Social Constructionism 5 However, the positivist perspective is not without limitations. It tends to neglect social and contextual influences on drug use deviance. By focusing solely on individual-level explanations, the positivist perspective may provide an incomplete understanding of the issue. Furthermore, it can potentially pathologize drug users, emphasizing individual pathology and criminalization rather than addressing the broader social and cultural factors at play. Social Constructionist Perspective on Drug Use Deviance Social constructionism hypothesizes that deviance is not inherent in certain behaviors but rather constructed through social processes, cultural norms, and power dynamics (Becker, 1963). When examining drug use deviance from a social constructionist perspective, several key principles emerge. Firstly, social constructionism emphasizes the role of labeling in shaping perceptions of drug users and the consequent stigma. The act of labeling individuals as deviant influences how society perceives and treats them. Additionally, power dynamics between social groups play a significant role in the construction of drug use as deviant behavior (Becker, 1963). Furthermore, cultural norms, values, and discourses greatly influence the perception of drug use deviance. Different cultures and societies hold varying views on the acceptance or condemnation of drug use, imparting different meanings to these behaviors (Room, 2005). Social constructionist research investigates historical and cultural contexts to understand their impact on drug use. It considers how these contexts shape perceptions of drug use deviance, allowing for a deeper understanding of the issue. Additionally, this perspective explores social movements, policy interventions, and harm reduction approaches aimed at challenging stigmatization and addressing the underlying issues associated with drug use deviance (Alexander, 2008). However, the social constructionist perspective presents challenges in determining objective measures of deviance. As deviance is subjective in nature, defining and measuring it

Drug Use and Deviance: Perspectives from Positivism and Social Constructionism 6 can be a complex task. This subjectivity may lead to difficulties in establishing uniform policies and interventions. Furthermore, the social constructionist perspective sometimes overlooks the biological and individual factors contributing to drug use deviance, hindering a comprehensive understanding and holistic approach. Integration of Both Perspectives Recognizing the strengths and limitations of both positivism and social constructionism is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of drug use deviance. The integration of these perspectives enhances understanding by acknowledging the complex interplay between biology, individual agency, and sociocultural influences. By combining the insights from positivism and social constructionism, a more comprehensive approach to drug use deviance can be achieved. This comprehensive understanding informs the development of policies and interventions that consider both individual vulnerabilities and societal contexts. It recognizes the need for personalized prevention and treatment strategies that address the diverse needs and circumstances of individuals (Galea et al., 2004). An integrated approach also promotes a holistic model that addresses prevention, treatment, and harm reduction strategies. By recognizing the contributions of both biology and sociocultural factors, this model can provide comprehensive responses to drug-related issues (Hser et al., 2007). Furthermore, the integration of perspectives opens up avenues for interdisciplinary research and collaboration. By bridging the gap between the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities, a more nuanced understanding of drug use deviance can be achieved (Blum et al., 2000). This interdisciplinary approach encourages researchers, policymakers, and practitioners to work together to develop evidence-based interventions that address the complexities of drug use deviance effectively.

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Drug Use and Deviance: Perspectives from Positivism and Social Constructionism 7 Conclusion In summary, understanding drug use deviance requires a multidimensional approach that considers both positivism and social constructionism. The positivist perspective offers valuable insights into the biological and individual factors contributing to drug use (Blum et al., 2000; Nestler, 2005), while the social constructionist perspective highlights the importance of societal and cultural influences (Becker, 1963). Integrating these perspectives enhances our understanding of drug use deviance. A comprehensive approach that accounts for the interplay between biology, individual agency, and sociocultural influences can inform the development of effective prevention, treatment, and harm reduction strategies. By addressing the complexities of drug use deviance, society can move towards a more holistic and compassionate approach to this issue. Furthermore, the integration of perspectives encourages interdisciplinary research and collaboration, fostering a more nuanced understanding and comprehensive response to drug- related issues. References Alexander, B. (2008). The Globalization of Addiction: A Study in Poverty of the Spirit. Oxford University Press. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2610429/ Becker, H. S. (1963). Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. Free Press. Retrieved from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2772693 Blum, K., Noble, E. P., Sheridan, P. J., Montgomery, A., Ritchie, T., & Jagadeeswaran, P. (2000). Genetic predisposition in alcoholism: association of the D2 dopamine receptor

Drug Use and Deviance: Perspectives from Positivism and Social Constructionism 8 TaqI B1 RFLP with severe alcoholics. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 35(6), 572-577. Retrieved from: https://academic.oup.com/alcalc/article/abstract/35/6/572/168244 Caetano, R. (2003). Alcohol-related health disparities and treatment-related epidemiological findings among whites, blacks, and Hispanics in the United States. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 27(8), 1337-1339. Retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1097/01.ALC.0000087583.12813.99 Dishion, T. J., Capaldi, D. M., Spracklen, K. M., & Li, F. (1999). Peer ecology of male adolescent drug use. Development and Psychopathology, 11(04), 865-887. Retrieved from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/development-and-psychopathology/ article/peer-ecology-of-male-adolescent-drug-use/ FC670C0BFF3DA983AE578D782F5C9F3A Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Bucuvalas, M., Gold, J., & Vlahov, D. (2004). Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. New England Journal of Medicine, 346(13), 982-987. Retrieved from: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa013404 Hser, Y. I., Grella, C. E., Collins, C., & Teruya, C. (2007). Drug abuse treatment entry and engagement: Report of a meeting on treatment readiness. Journal of Drug Issues, 37(3), 509-538. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2248410/ Nestler, E. J. (2005). Is there a common molecular pathway for addiction? Nature Neuroscience, 8(11), 1445-1449. Retrieved from: https://www.nature.com/articles/nn1578

Drug Use and Deviance: Perspectives from Positivism and Social Constructionism 9 Room, R. (2005). Stigma, social inequality and alcohol and drug use. Drug and Alcohol Review, 24(2), 143-155. Retrieved from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09595230500102434

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