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Drug Use and Deviance: Perspectives from Positivism and Social Constructionism 1 Drug Use and Deviance: Perspectives from Positivism and Social Constructionism Rachel A. Ward University of Hawaii at Hilo SOC 365: Sociology of Deviance Marilyn Brown December 7, 2023

Drug Use and Deviance: Perspectives from Positivism and Social Constructionism 2 Drug Use and Deviance: Perspectives from Positivism and Social Constructionism Deviance, as a concept, plays a pivotal role in shaping social norms, values, and behaviors. It refers to actions, beliefs, or conditions that violate societal expectations and go against established norms. Among the various categories of deviance, drug use has long been a topic of significant importance and controversy. Drug use, particularly illicit drug consumption, has been a subject of extensive research and societal concern. Understanding the nature and consequences of drug use deviance is crucial in addressing the associated social, health, and criminal justice issues. To attain a comprehensive understanding of drug use as a category of deviance, it is essential to analyze it from complementary perspectives that shed light on different aspects of this complex phenomenon. This paper aims to explore the concept of drug use as a category of deviance through the lens of two perspectives: positivism and social constructionism. Positivism, as a perspective, focuses on objective reality, scientific methods, and causal explanations. It proposes that deviant behavior arises from inherent individual traits or biological predispositions. This perspective seeks to understand drug use deviance through empirical observation and measurement of physiological and psychological factors. On the other hand, social constructionism emphasizes the subjective and socially constructed nature of deviance. It highlights the role of social interactions, language, and power relationships in defining and labeling deviant behavior. Social constructionism considers drug use deviance as a product of social processes and interpretations, rather than innate characteristics. The research conducted on drug use as a category of deviance reveals the intricacies and multiple dimensions associated with this phenomenon. Numerous studies have examined the causes, patterns, consequences, and social implications of drug use, spanning various disciplines

Drug Use and Deviance: Perspectives from Positivism and Social Constructionism 3 such as sociology, criminology, public health, and psychology. The literature highlights the criminalization of drug use, stigmatization of drug users, harm reduction approaches, social movements, policy interventions, and the impact of cultural and historical contexts on drug deviance. Both positivism and social constructionism offer valuable insights into drug use deviance, addressing different dimensions and offering unique perspectives. Positivism provides evidence-based explanations regarding the physiological and psychological factors contributing to drug use and addiction. It aids in identifying risk factors, patterns, and outcomes related to drug deviance, thereby informing prevention and treatment approaches. On the other hand, social constructionism helps elucidate the social, cultural, and symbolic aspects of drug use deviance. It highlights the influence of societal norms, labeling processes, and power dynamics in shaping perceptions and responses to drug users. By integrating the perspectives of positivism and social constructionism, a more comprehensive understanding of drug use as a category of deviance can be attained. This integration allows for a broader examination of the complexities involved and paves the way for more effective responses and interventions regarding drug-related issues. It encourages the consideration of individual vulnerabilities, societal contexts, cultural meanings, and power dynamics in addressing drug use deviance. In the subsequent sections, we will delve deeper into the positivist and social constructionist perspectives on drug use deviance. By critically analyzing their insights and limitations, we aim to enhance our understanding of this category of deviance and explore avenues for future research and interdisciplinary collaboration. Ultimately, this exploration will contribute to a more holistic approach to addressing drug-related issues in contemporary society.

Drug Use and Deviance: Perspectives from Positivism and Social Constructionism 4 Positivist Perspective on Drug Use Deviance Positivism is a scientific approach that emphasizes empirical evidence, objective measurement, and causal relationships (Becker, 1963). It seeks to explain human behavior and social phenomena by focusing on measurable and observable factors. When examining drug use deviance from a positivist perspective, several key principles come into play. Firstly, at the individual level, biological factors play a crucial role. Research has uncovered intricate neurobiological mechanisms underlying drug use and addiction (Blum et al., 2000). Genetic factors also contribute significantly to an individual's susceptibility to drug use (Blum et al., 2000). Understanding these neurobiological and genetic predispositions provides insights into why certain individuals may engage in drug use deviance. Secondly, the pharmacological effects and addiction processes must be considered. Drugs exert various effects on the brain, leading to altered behavior and addiction. Factors such as tolerance, withdrawal, and reward systems contribute to the addictive nature of drug use (Nestler, 2005). By examining these effects, positivist research can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of addiction. Furthermore, positivist research allows for the identification of risk factors, patterns, and outcomes associated with drug deviance. This research identifies risk factors such as family history, peer influence, and socioeconomic status that contribute to drug use (Dishion et al., 1999). Additionally, it highlights patterns and outcomes such as increased crime rates and health risks associated with drug use deviance (Caetano, 2003). These findings inform evidence-based prevention and treatment approaches, including educational campaigns, addiction treatments, and policy interventions.

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