SPCE 609 quiz 2

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School

Ball State University *

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609

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Psychology

Date

Dec 6, 2023

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docx

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Uploaded by bweav1993

Instructions This quiz covers Modules 4-7 and Chapters 3-6 from your text. The exam includes 30 multiple choice, multiple answer, or true/false questions. There will also be a one-point extra credit essay question. You will have 60 minutes to complete the exam. You may not leave or close the window, or the test will auto submit. At the end of the 60-minute time period your exam will auto submit. Please let your instructor know if you have any technical difficulties when taking the exam. You MUST click the SUBMIT button at the bottom to register your answers. Until then, you can freely move back and forth through the questions. Do NOT use your browser BACK button while working on the test. Please note: some choices within the question might be out of order. This is a problem with Canvas. Please use the following key in case the answers are out of order: “All of the above” refers to “All answers” “None of the above” refers to “None of the answers” The questions that have a “Both a & b” answer option all have two potential “legitimate” options, “both a & b” option, and a “none of the above” option. If the student feels that both “legitimate” options are correct, they should select “both a & b” regardless if the answers are in the “a” and “b” locations. If your selection boxes are circles, choose only one answer. If your selection boxes are squares, you will need to select all the correct answers for that question. Timed Test: This test has a time limit of 1 hour. Timer Setting: This test will save and submit automatically when the time expires. Force Completion: Once started, this test must be completed in one sitting. Do not leave the test before clicking Save and Submit. This quiz was locked Oct 8 at 11:59pm. Attempt History Attempt Time Score LATEST Attempt 1 55 minutes 30 out of 30 Score for this quiz: 30 out of 30 Submitted Oct 8 at 12:51pm This attempt took 55 minutes.

Question 1 1 / 1 pts Experimental designs that expose individuals to baseline (independent variable OFF) and experimental (independent variable ON) phases to determine if the independent variable systematically and reliably changes behavior are known as ________? Correct! Single-subject Group Double-blind Inferential Question 2 1 / 1 pts In the below figure, there is a clear ______________ change after the intervention was introduced Picture1-6.png variability bounce level Correct! trend Question 3 1 / 1 pts Some independent variables will permanently change behavior. If one anticipates that the independent variable will produce a permanent (irreversible) effect, then we cannot use a reversal design or an alternating-treatments design. Instead, in order to rule out confounds, we will have to use a _____________________ design. reversal (A-B-A)

Correct! multiple-baseline comparison (A-B) alternating-treatments Question 4 1 / 1 pts The data in the below graph were collected using one of the single-subject experimental designs. Which one? Picture1-4.png Correct! Multiple-baseline design Alternating-treatments design Reversal (A-B-A) design Comparison (A-B) design Question 5 1 / 1 pts Drawing a trend arrow through the baseline data (as in the inset graph) allows us to predict… Picture1-e78c2dbf-d747-407d-9992-e27b49c87296.png the likely effect of the intervention, once it is introduced. the likelihood that the individual will withdraw from the experiment before it is concluded. Correct! the future trend and/or level of behavior in the immediate future, assuming nothing changes. nothing; it is impossible to predict future behavior based on past behavior.

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Question 6 1 / 1 pts In panel A of the below figure, the change in __________ is much more convincing because there is ______________.Picture1-28e86e0a-8464-4193-8bfb-c79c58082436.png trend; data level; less “bounce” level; data Correct! trend; less “bounce” Question 7 1 / 1 pts In the below figure, there is a clear ______________ change after the intervention was introduced Picture1-5.png Correct! level trend variability bounce Question 8 1 / 1 pts If you recall the three steps in the visual analysis, then you can look at the data in the inset graph and confidently conclude… Picture1-29bfdd1b-e4d9-47a2-9691-860bc6f5c5d4.png

Correct! All of the above statements are supported by these data. Treatment 1 is able to quickly and reliably reduce the frequency of the behavior. Treatment 3 is able to quickly and reliably reduce the frequency of the behavior. Treatment 2 is ineffective. Question 9 1 / 1 pts The book discusses three things learned during Pavlovian conditioning. The first of these was discussed while referring to the below graph. What is the first thing learned during Pavlovian conditioning? Picture1-85131408-8504-411e-953d-32737b7b27a7.png The US signals a delay-reduction to the CS. The larger the delay-reduction, the faster Pavlovian learning occurs. The larger the reinforcer, the slower the conditioning. Correct! The CS signals a delay-reduction to the US. The larger the delay-reduction, the faster Pavlovian learning occurs. The larger the reinforcer, the faster the conditioning. Question 10 1 / 1 pts In the famous “Little Albert” experiment, John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated that Pavlovian conditioning could explain how children acquire… best friends Correct! phobias (fear of stimulus events) internal language

language Question 11 1 / 1 pts Imagine that Mary Cover Jones worked with her client, Peter, for one session. By the end of the session, Dr. Cover Jones presents the furry animal and Peter shows no fear. Two days later, Peter returns to the therapist’s office, encounters the rabbit, and experiences a moderately strong fear response. This increase in conditioned responding following the passage of time since the last session is known as… resurgence of avoidance Correct! spontaneous recovery fear emergence respondent reinstatement Question 12 1 / 1 pts This refers to the gradual reduction in reflex responding following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus. extinction repetition Correct! habituation generalization Question 13 1 / 1 pts Pavlovian generalization occurs when a conditioned response (CR) is evoked by a(n) _____________ stimulus because that stimulus resembles a conditioned stimulus (CS). Correct! novel

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Raynerian over-learned VS Question 14 1 / 1 pts Mary Cover-Jones published a paper in the 1924 that revolutionized the treatment of phobias. What principle, discovered by Ivan Pavlov, did Cover-Jones use to decrease her client’s fear of furry animals. operant extinction Correct! Pavlovian extinction aversive counter-conditioning operant reinforcement Question 15 1 / 1 pts In the famous “Little Albert” study, a very young child (Albert) learns to fear a white rat. This was accomplished by presenting the rat to Albert and then, a few seconds later, banging a metal bar loudly behind the toddler. Albert was frightened by the loud noise (he cried and crawled away). By the end of the Pavlovian conditioning processes, Little Albert showed conditioned fear (crying and crawling away) when the rat was placed in front of Albert (the banging noise was not presented on these test trials). Which of these events was the unconditioned response (UR): the white rat Correct! the fear of the loud banging noise

the fear of the white rat the loud banging noise Question 16 1 / 1 pts A(n) ___________________ consequence occurs after a response, but not because the response caused it to occur. non-behavioral Correct! non-contingent non-tangential ephemeral Question 17 1 / 1 pts Use your memory of the book’s flowchart to decide if the stimulus change (bolded) is a reinforcer or not. The behavior if interest is underlined. MacLean cut her finger so she immediately drove to the hospital. At the hospital, she was required to complete some forms, was eventually seen by a physician, and was released with 10 stitches. Correct! No, this is not a reinforcer Yes, this is a reinforcer Question 18 1 / 1 pts Use your memory of the book’s flowchart to decide if the stimulus change (bolded) is a reinforcer or not. The behavior if interest is underlined.

Anderson received his package after placing his order with an international online retailer. Although Anderson hates that this retailer treats their fulfillment center employees badly, he buys a lot of stuff from them. It’s just so convenient! However, if Anderson's orders were never delivered to his house, he would eventually stop buying things from this retailer. No, this is not a reinforcer Correct! Yes, this is a reinforcer Question 19 1 / 1 pts _____________ behavior may be defined as a generic class of responses influenced by antecedents, with each response in the class producing the same consequence. Rewarded Correct! Operant Generative Progressive Question 20 1 / 1 pts For this question, match the antecedent, the behavior, and the consequence. The hiker hears a rustling in the bushes. The hiker stops and looks carefully toward the sound. The hiker sees a snake slithering under the bush. Correct! Antecedent rustling sound Correct!

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Behavior looking at the bush Correct! Consequnce seeing the snake Question 21 1 / 1 pts An operant behavior, like turning on the AC, is a _______________ class of behavior comprised of lots of topographically (physically) different responses, all of which produce the same consequence. phylogenetic genetic innate Correct! generic Question 22 1 / 1 pts Alonzo is teaching his first middle-school Math class. He asks the students a question and one student, Freya raises her hand. Alonzo runs to her desk and gives her a high-five. No answer text provided. Yes, this stimulus change (the high-five) is a reinforcer Correct! Not enough information is provided to make this decision.

No, this stimulus change (the high-five) is not a reinforcer Question 23 1 / 1 pts Laura is going to make fried chicken for dinner. They buy a whole chicken at the grocery store and then uses their poultry scissors to cut out the backbone. Backbone removed, Laura soaks the chicken in buttermilk before applying the flour and frying it up. This is the way Laura has always made fried chicken. Assuming that this stimulus removal functions as a reinforcer, it would be classified as a... Correct! negative reinforcer – escape (SRE-) one of the above positive reinforcer (SR+) negative reinforcer – avoidance (SRA-) Question 24 1 / 1 pts According to this theory of reinforcement, behavior is controlled by the likely future, as exemplified in the past. Correct! information response-strengthening conditioning enlightenment Question 25 1 / 1 pts A stimulus change can include either the __________________ or the ______________ of a stimulus. altering; non-altering awareness; unawareness Correct!

presentation; removal reinforcement; punishment Question 26 0 / 1 pts Markus is studying at the kitchen island when his mom comes in and starts making dinner. The commotion is distracting, so he puts on his headphones and the noise is gone. Assuming that this stimulus removal functions as a reinforcer, it would be classified as a... Correct Answer negative reinforcer – escape (SRE-) positive reinforcer (SR+) You Answered negative reinforcer – avoidance (SRA-) none of the above Question 27 1 / 1 pts Another objection to the use of reinforcement is that it causes people to choke under pressure. However, this only seems to happen when ________ reinforcers are available. social small Correct! very large modest Question 28 1 / 1 pts

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This is the tendency for loss-prevention (SRA-) to influence behavior more than presentation of the same stimulus (SR+). Correct! loss aversion prevention science avoidance aversion income shock Question 29 1 / 1 pts Positive reinforcers increase behavior above its baseline (no reinforcement) level. Negative reinforcers ______________ behavior _______________ its baseline level. have no effect on; they do not alter improve; above Correct! increase; above decrease; below Question 30 1 / 1 pts This form of negative reinforcement is defined as a consequent removal or reduction of a stimulus, the effect of which is to increase operant behavior above its no-reinforcer baseline level. extinction avoidance Correct! escape access Question 31 1 / 0 pts

Extra Credit: Describe the steps you would take to shape a child's behavior of tying her shoes when she currently cannot complete any steps for this skill independently. List the specific steps you would use (minimum of 4) to teach this skill and how you would transition to the next step. Your Answer: The first step would have the child hold one lace in the right hand and the other lace in the left hand. Second step is the cross the laces over to make an X. Third step is to tuck the top lace under the bottom lace and pull it through. The last step is to make a bunny loop on both sides and an X. The clinicians will use the most to least prompt hierarchy from full physical to verbal prompts in order to help with the client. Quiz Score: 30 out of 30

SPCE 609 quiz 2

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