PSY 201 3-3 Article Critique

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1 3-3 Article Critique Kathy Spencer Southern New Hampshire University PSY 201 – Educational Psychology Dr. Michele Mortensen July 16, 2023

2 3-3 Article Critique What is the issue that the article is specifically addressing? Is this a significant problem or issue related to the concepts and theory in this course? Why or why not? I chose to do my article critique on “The Under-Appreciated Role of Humiliation In the Middle School, written by Nancy Frey and Douglas Fisher. This article the authors interviewed a total of 10 teachers and 10 students in order to record data about how both the teachers and the students process the emotions of humiliation. The participants were from three different school across two different states. The authors asked both teachers and students a couple of questions: “What role might this under-appreciated emotion play in middle school,” and “How do middle school students act when they experience this emotion?” (Frey & Fisher, 2008, p.1). According to both the teachers and the students the three categories or themes in which students are humiliated in middle school are: teacher behavior, bullying, and remedial reading. I feel that this article is very relevant to this course. Educational psychology covers all aspect of a person’s education. By being able to monitor teacher behavior, bullying, and student behavior, all these can be considered under educational psychology. The article also covers the different effects that humiliation can have on middle school learners. Teachers should be providing their students with a safe environment for learning. No matter where you look, bullying is an issue that is found everywhere. When a school does not have a formal anti-bullying or a character education program in place, they are leaving all of their students unprotected and vulnerable towards the receiving end of humiliation. The article proves that everyone who is in direct or even indirect contact with students can influence the students emotional and psychological development as they are going through school. What references did the author use in this article?

3 The authors used many different references to support not only their findings, but to be able to identify the problems that adolescents could possibly experience while in middle school. Some of the references they used helped support the role in which humiliation plays between both the students and the teachers. The National Association of Secondary School Principals, Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, the California Department of Education, and the American Education Research Journal are just a few of the references that they used in their research when writing this article. Did the article contain research? What data was used? What instruments, if any; were used to collect data? The authors chose 10 teachers to interview based on three things: their gender, years of experience, and the subject area(s) they taught. For the 10 students that they interviewed they based their choices on: grade level, achievement levels, and gender. The interviews were conducted with everyone separately so that there were no outside influences. By doing that both the students and the teachers could answer the different questions openly and honestly without the fear of being singled out. The students and teachers were asked the different questions to get them to share their own personal experiences regarding humiliation and the emotions they felt. The information the authors gathered was used to rate humiliation into different categories or themes. Based on the responses from the students and teachers the authors could determine the role of humiliation. Most of the students stated that they thought that bullying or being bullied was just a part of life. Something the teachers stated was, “you know what students are like, they can be mean to each other.” What were some of the conclusions, if any, to the research in this article?

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4 At the end of the authors research, they were able to come up with three recommendations for school administrators and educators. The first recommendation was for them to recognize that humiliation can in fact be present within their schools. The second recommendation is for them to observe and analyze curricular and instructional interactions. Lastly, the third recommendation that they had, was to make an anti-bullying curriculum as part of the school culture. Although each of these recommendations that they made can be not only costly in the terms of money, resources, and of course time. Was this article reliable and valid? Explain. In my opinion the article is not only reliable, but it is valid as well. The authors were able to not only support their main ideas and arguments with many credible sources, but they also made recommendations that would help eradicate themes that can have a negative impact on students. The interviews were done in an ethical manner and were conducted with respect to each interviewee. By conducting the interviews as they did, the results can be considered 100% valid. With the addition of the different references to their own research the authors were able to elevate the article above those of the past. Was this article well written? Thoughtful and reflective? In my opinion this article is very well written. It is also thoughtful and reflective of both the teachers and the students’ experiences and opinions. The article was very easy to follow and understand. They broke the article into separate categories and kept it well organized throughout. Sine the authors used actual middle school students and middle school teachers, it helped the readers understand not only how the students handle humiliation, but how the teachers handle it as well. The article also helped the readers understand the different effects that humiliation can

5 make on middle school students regardless of what grade they are in, their gender, or their achievement levels are in school. What were the limitations in this article? Any variables? The one limitation of this article is the sample size the authors used for the study. They focused on a small number of students and teachers from three different schools over two different states. If they had expanded their sample size of both students and teachers from other schools and areas, it would have provided their data with more diversity, different perspectives, and more understanding as to how the students cope with the many different emotions that are associated with humiliation. When it comes to most research and studies it is wise to have at least 100 or more participants, as the higher the number can provide a more accurate representation of the overall population. Any other thoughts, comments? This article for me really hit home. When I started middle school, I remember my sixth- grade English teacher Ms. Williams. Ms. Williams was known around the school for pointing out to her classes the students that were struggling with the assignments. For me, prior to her class I had no trouble reading stories and writing them either. For some reason though after the first month in her class, I was falling behind the rest of the class. There were a small group of us that were struggling, and she pulled all of up to the front of her class and announced that we were failing her class and the reading levels that we were at. As she went down the small row of the six students, me included, I remember closing my eyes because I didn’t want to see the faces of my fellow classmates. From that point that year and the two years that followed I was bullied and made fun of, even though I ended up getting better grades then some of my fellow classmates. Just before the end of my eighth-grade year, I remember one classmate who still was a bully to

6 other students. They were sitting on the grass outside of the cafeteria and I decided to get revenge on them for all the times they bullied me and some of my friends. I had a bagel with cream cheese on it and I walked up to her and smashed it all over her hair. I knew then that what I did was wrong, and I should not have stooped to her level, but at the time it felt good to give her back some of the same things she had done to us over the last three years. When my own kids started to get bullied in school, I told them what had happened to me and what I had done to my bully. As I told them though, I made sure to explain that what I had done was wrong and that we should never give in to revenge in a negative way. There are better ways to solve a problem when it comes to a bully in school. Now granted it was the early to mid- 1980s when I was in middle school, so things have changed since then and how the teachers handled stuff like this back then. Although there are still teachers that will humiliate a student or toss out some sarcasm from time to time, but there are more programs out there regarding anti- bullying and what teachers and school administrators can do to help stop it from happening.

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7 References: Frey, N., & Fisher, D. (2008, January, 11). The under-appreciated role of humiliation in the mid- dle school - eric . ERIC - Eduaction Resources Information Center. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ782786.pdf Woolfolk, A., & Usher, E. L. (2022). Educational Psychology (15th ed.). Pearson Education (US). https://mbsdirect.vitalsource.com/books/9780136945185

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