HMS 100 virtual chapter 11 14 questions

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Old Dominion University *

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100

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Psychology

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Dec 6, 2023

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Chapter 11 & 14 Questions 1. Using at least four complete sentences, describe least restrictive environment. About 5 percent of the nation’s social workers are at work in the public school system. Their primary function is to ensure that students with disabilities receive free and appropriate education services in the least restrictive environment. Each state must provide personalized instruction with sufficient support services to permit a child with disabilities to benefit educationally from that instruction. The state must ensure a continuum of alternative placements, including regular classes, special classes, home instruction and instruction in hospitals and institutions. 2. Using at least four complete sentences describe developmental disabilities. Students who have physical, developmental, or learning disabilities and students who are living in poverty or are homeless are more likely to have negative school experiences, develop emotional or behavioral problems and never reach their full learning potential. Developmental disabilities, as defined by the Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 1990, are attributable to mental or physical impairment (or a combination) that are manifested before age 22. The impairment is likely to continue indefinitely and result in substantial limitations in major life activities such as self-care, mobility, economic self-sufficiency, and the capacity for independent living. Advocates and family members who work to make the educational system more inclusive for children with developmental disabilities often encounter negative attitudes from school officials, as well as a plethora of local school policies that make inclusion the exception, not the rule. 3. Using at least four complete sentences describe learning disability. It is estimated that 4.6 million school-age children have learning disabilities. A learning disability is characterized by a significant difference between the child’s overall intelligence and his or her ability to read, write, or do mathematical calculation. Most children with learning disabilities are intelligent, but get frustrated with school because they cannot master some academic skills as quickly as the other children. If the teacher, parents and child are unaware of the learning disability the child may be labeled stupid, dumb or lazy and develop low self-esteem. Some children begin to misbehave and may be labeled bad. 4. Using at least four complete sentences describe ADHD? The U.S. Department of Education has ruled that students who are diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are eligible for special education services and resources. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is identified when a child repeatedly displays distractibility, hyperactivity and impulsivity for more than six months. Since all children display these symptoms to some extent, detailed guidelines are followed in making the diagnosis. The cause of

ADHD is unknown. Some experts believe it is caused by a chemical imbalance or malfunction in the way the brain filters information. 5. Using at least four complete sentences describe mainstreaming? Sometimes the school social worker and the parents have to fight the school district to be sure each child receives a free and appropriate education. Mainstreaming is the act of removing a child with a disability from special education classes and placing him/her in one or more regular education classes. In a court case that was brought against a school district for declining parent’s request for mainstreaming, some questions that were asked of the judge to help arrive at a decision were: What are the educational benefits of placing the student in a full-time regular education program? What are the nonacademic benefits of a regular education placement? What effect might the student have on the teacher and the other students in the regular education classroom? 6. Using at least four complete sentences describe IDEA. Special education does not have to mean separate education. The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 was reauthorized in 1990 as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), then most recently reauthorized in 2004. The initial act set legal standards and requirements for education of children with disabilities. The intent of IDEA is to limit removal of children with disabilities from regular education classes or schools. 7. Using at least eight complete sentences describe EHCY. The Education of Homeless Children and Youth (EHCY) program was established under the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act of 1987. The EHCY program provides grants to state and local educational agencies to ensure that homeless children have access to the same free and appropriate education as other children. In 1990, the program was amended to include direct services to homeless children. In 1987, before creation of the program, over 50% of homeless children were not attending school. 8. Using at least four complete sentences describe ESEA. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965 was the largest source of federal assistance to poor schools, communities, and children for 30 years. President Bill Clinton reauthorized ESEA when he signed the Improving America’s Schools Act (IASA) into law in 1994. The new law supports schools in their efforts to move all children toward high academic standards. Title I, previously known as Chapter I, supports local educational agencies in helping disadvantaged students meet high academic standards by promoting effective parental participation and supporting coordination with health and social services agencies, to name a few actions. 9. Using at least four complete sentences describe NCLB. In 2001, President George W. Bush signed into law the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act, which required that every child must learn to read, write, multiply and subtract at grade level. Every state was required to set the standards, which applied to all schools that received Title I funding

and demonstrate whether they achieved those standards. Schools with consistently low- performing scores were to get extra federal funding to enhance outcomes. However, schools that did not improve faced the loss of federal funds and a loss of students because parents of low- income children in poor-performing schools were theoretically able to send their children to other public schools and get federal funds for private tutoring. 11. Using at least four complete sentences describe stress. Stress is typically part of traumatic and disastrous events. It is characterized by a physiological response to a real or perceived threat and leads to anxiety, which is the physical discomfort experienced because of the increased production of stress hormones. However, it is difficult to separate these types of events as all stress is not the same. There is positive stress, tolerable stress and toxic stress. 12. Using at least four complete sentences describe trauma. Episodes of stress trauma and disaster fall under the overall framework of crises. A trauma can be defined as an injury to the body or psyche of some type of shock, violence, or unanticipated situation. Trauma is also categorized as witnessing or experiencing an event that involves actual injury, death, or serious physical danger or the threat of such. Trauma often precipitates stress And may be confined to a single individual or family. 13. Using at least four complete sentences describe post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Post-Relationship traumatic stress disorder or PTSD is included in the category of anxiety disorders from the diagnostic and statistical manual of the American Psychiatric Association. Although stress can be a common occurrence of daily living, when the situation is severe and typically perceived as life threatening, the reactions are more intense and considered to have the potential to lead to PTSD. PTSD was first recognized in relation to war veterans, particularly of the Vietnam War which occurred from the late 1950s through the early 1970s. However, we now know that a variety of traumatic events such as sexual assault, natural disasters, car or plane accidents, and many other stressful experiences can lead to PTSD. 14. Using at least four complete sentences describe Disasters—Natural and Human Made. Human created disasters are defined as processes or events that facilitate the breakdown of families and communities. Human made disasters are caused both by unintended consequences from the state policies and by deliberate decisions by governments or individuals. They can include, but are not limited to, drug infiltration in African American communities , chronic poverty, dislocation , violence against women, and the failure to halt preventable diseases. Sometimes the natural and human made disasters can converge as in human error in response to a natural disaster which compounds the impact and makes the disaster worse. 15. Using at least four complete sentences describe secondary traumatic Stress.

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Working with victims of trauma and disasters is draining, but the fallout has been identified as something different from burnout. The differentiation between secondary traumatic stress or STS was made from burnout by Pryce, Shackelford, and Pryce. Burnout occurs in jobs where there is some combination of insufficient support, long hours, high caseloads, burdensome paperwork, and a long term degradation of energy and spirit. SCS is the second hand exposure to traumatic events. 16. Using at least four sentences describe micro-level Interventions. Disaster aid is not included in most social work curricula. However, crisis intervention, generalist social work knowledge, and skill can be easily applied to disaster situations. Social workers trained for crisis and trauma on the micro level, dealing with cases of abuse and victims of violence. Because of that training, social workers are uniquely prepared to deal with the complex situations following disasters. 17. Using at least four sentences describe techniques for reducing Stress. A very effective way to respond two trauma and disaster is to deal with the stress that has built up within a person . There are a number of stress reduction approaches, some involving medication, others using mind body work, and some combining both. Approaches that combine interventions that address both the mind and body are advantageous. The risks involved are minimal, and the interventions can be taught easily. 18. Using at least four sentences describe Pharmacological treatment. Most people who live through a trauma or disaster experience stress and anxiety. More than half the population will likely be exposed to trauma, and about 8% will experience stress that is severe enough to be diagnosed as clinical PTSD. Pharmacological intervention can be an opposition of treatment in cases of severe stress, particularly when the person is extremely agitated, dangerous, or psychotic. A persistent state of anxiety, panic, irritability, and hypervigilance that may follow surviving a disaster means there is higher risk for PTSD. 19. Using at least four sentences describe prevention. Of course the best course of action with crisis, trauma , and disasters is making sure they never happen . the incidence of trauma and stress is significant and crosses through many facets of American lives. Prevention of any such events is beneficial to individuals as well as society. The cost of treatment, and financial measures as well as personal emotional aspects, is expensive, and the lasting effects of experiencing trauma can compromise a person's quality of life. 20. Using at least four sentences describe macro level interventions. Disasters such as Hurricane Katrina or the attacks of 911 clearly caused communitywide trauma. However, on-going community conditions, such as gang violence or large numbers of deaths from aids, can also produce trauma an cause residents of an area to lose their sense of safety and feel tremendous fear and grief. The ramifications of community wide trauma can affect the community for years or even generations. Social workers can provide

support and counseling for groups an entire communities after traumatic events. This is a common practice after school shootings and other events that produce large scale trauma . We often see communities pulling together to provide assistance after disasters.

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HMS 100 virtual chapter 11 14 questions

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