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A Quick Look: Cross-Cultural Reentry Adjustment of Missionaries STUDENT School of Behavioral Sciences, Liberty University PSYC351: Multicultural Counseling and Research Issues (B10) Dr. Samuel Landa September 29, 2023

Biblical Context Several Bible verses lend support to missionaries in their quest to fulfill the Great Commission, as outlined in Matthew 28:19-20 (New International Version). While the life of a missionary can be rewarding, it can also be difficult at times, especially for those who work in cultures different from that of their home culture. Therefore, it is crucial that missionaries and those who support them pray for: God’s protection when they must work in areas that may be risky Strength and perseverance when they feel tired and the workload gets heavy, especially for long-term missionaries who serve for extended periods “The Lord will watch over your coming and going both now and forevermore.” -Psalm 121:8 (New International Version) “Those who hope in the Lord will renew their strength. They will soar on wings like eagles; they will run and not grow weary; they will walk and not be faint -Isaiah 40:31 (New International Version); they The joy of the Lord to sustain missionaries through each trial and setback “Those who sow with tears will reap with songs of joy. Those who go out weeping, carrying seed to sow, will return with songs of joy.” – Psalm 126:5-6 ( New International Version )

Biblical Context Open doors and open hearts; pray that the Lord will provide many opportunities for ministry and that He will prepare hearts to hear the Gospel. “And pray for us, too, that God may open a door for our message, so that we may proclaim the mystery of Christ […] Pray that I may proclaim it clearly, as I should.” –Colossians 4:3-4 (New International Version) “I will give them a heart to know me, that I am the Lord. They will be my people, and I will be their God, for they will return to me with all their heart.” –Jeremiah 24:7 (New International Version) (continued) Missionaries and those who support them should also pray for comfort and guidance during the reentry process following a long- term ministry in another culture. Many who return home report feeling isolated, disoriented, and no longer feeling “at home” in their home culture. But, those aware of God’s presence will find comfort in knowing that He is always present, offering unwavering support. -Isaiah 41:10

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Hypothesis T he researcher hypothesized that the results would indicate a relationship between the missionaries’ relationship with the Lord and cultural adaptation in the host country, acculturation both abroad and at home, their awareness of transition change, level of reentry preparedness, and reentry distress (Kimber, 2012, p. 212). Supporting Article • Studies indicate a positive correlation between missionary burnout and several negative outcomes including stress-related illness, decreased interest and passion in one’s job, as well as decreased focus and concentration. • Missionary burnout might jeopardize the relationships formed in the community or church ministry and may also negatively reflect upon the missionary agency. • Physical, psychological, spiritual, organizational, or cultural stressors are worsened by serving in cross-cultural settings. • To develop missionary resilience, the Adelante program in one mission organization provides training for missionaries who have committed to long-term cross-cultural ministry, have been on the field for one to four years, and who are also at high risk for attrition. (Sorenson, 2017)

Participants There were 102 total participants in this study, all of whom were classified as being long-term missionaries. • Average length of time overseas: 15 years (range between 4 and 36 years); • Regions served: 40% Europe, 29% Asia, 15% Latin America, 12% Africa, and 2% Middle East; • Gender: 61% male and 39% female (Kimber, 2012, pp. 212-213) . Methods • The research study used a questionnaire comprised of six instruments that were previously used in other studies. These instruments included the Spiritual Assessment Inventory and 5 cultural adjustment scales: the Acculturation Index, Sociocultural Adaptation Scale, Transitional Change Scale, Repatriation Preparedness Scale, and the Repatriation Distress Scale. • Additionally, participants responded to 5 questions developed by the researcher. • “I felt called by God to go to the mission field.” • “I felt called by God to return to my home country from the mission field.” • “During my reentry transition, I felt secure in my relationship with God.” • “During my reentry transition, practicing spiritual disciplines (i.e., prayer, Bible reading, etc.) was a regular part of my life.” • “I came home to a supportive community.” • The researcher then used correlation statistics on all scales in order to detect relationships between the Spiritual Assessment Inventory and all cultural adjustment scales and between the researcher-designed questions and all cultural adjustment scales. (Kimber, 2012, pp. 213-214)

Limitations of the Study Kimber (2012) noted several limitations when discussing the results of the study. • With less than a 50% usable response rate, it is difficult to generalize findings to the target population as a whole. • While participants did indicate that the United States is their home country, information on race and ethnicity was not collected. • Therefore, it is difficult to determine if the culture they identify with played a role in their adjustment upon repatriation, and the results may not generalize to other populations. (Kimber, 2012, p. 217).

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Study Conclusions The results of the study seem to show that there is a connection between a missionary’s relationship with God and their reentry adjustment. Those missionaries who were aware of God’s presence and indicated a secure relationship with God typically indicated that they felt less reentry stress than those who indicated otherwise. A similar connection was found in missionaries who responded that they regularly engaged in spiritual disciplines and had a healthier spiritual relationship with Him. My Concluding Thoughts I believe that studies, such as the one discussed in The Role of Spiritual Development in the Cross-Cultural Reentry Adjustment of Missionaries , are critical to supporting the church’s missionaries abroad and when they come home. Using results from this study and similar studies has many implications for how the churches and mission agencies should prepare their missionaries before their journey, during their ministry, and when they come home. Ministry agencies provide training for their missionaries to prepare for their life overseas. However, I agree with Kimber that it would be beneficial for missionaries to receive training on the practical, cultural, and psychological challenges of reentry and the importance of maintaining a secure relationship with God. Furthermore, I also agree with Kimber that mission agencies and churches should provide continuous support to their missionaries for the duration of their reentry transition, to include regular monitoring, prayer, and counseling services. Given the limitations of the study previously mentioned, I feel more research needs to be conducted. There are several factors to be considered that were not because of the lack of ethnic, cultural, and racial diversity represented in the current study. For example, it would be helpful to know if the culture or ethnic/racial groups that a participant identifies with play a role in their adjustment going into the host country and during readjustment to their home country. Is reentry adjustment easier when a missionary is returning from a culture more similar to their home culture? Lastly, it is important in the process of spiritual support and counseling to be culturally sensitive to the repatriated missionary so that support services can be tailored to each individual’s needs.

References Kimber, T. R. (2012). The role of spiritual development in the cross-cultural reentry adjustment of missionaries. Journal of Psychology and Theology , 40(3), 211–219. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1152080388/fulltextPDF/C663EC884E214FEBPQ/1?accountid=12085 Sorenson, M. L. (2017). Developing resilience in North American missionaries: Program evaluation of CRM’s Adelante training (dissertation). ProQuest LLC, Ann Arbor, MI. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/docview/1973210119/fulltextPDF/D9915ABC5AD343FDPQ/1?accountid=12085.

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