PSY620- competency #1 (1)

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1 Cross-Cultural Research: An Analysis Melanie Somppi Department of Psychology, University of Phoenix PSY 620 Multicultural and Social Issues in Psychology Dr. Jennifer Friedrich November 28, 2023

2 The Value of Cross-Cultural Research Cross-cultural research has a very important place in our society as we should strive to complete research studies that are generalizable beyond just our geographical location and culture. Especially in the past but often still today, researchers utilize college students in order to test their various hypotheses and run different experiments. However, this severely limits the future use of the research as the findings may not be applicable to different cultures and therefore not generalizable. Cross-cultural research is a much more difficult process than traditional research, however the positives greatly outweigh the negatives. Cross-cultural research “offers a process by which scientists and laypersons from disparate cultures can come together and work toward common goals, thereby improving human relations across what otherwise may seem a considerable chasm” (Matsumoto & Juang, 2017, p. 108). It is vital, especially in today’s diverse society, that cross-cultural research is utilized much more than it has been in the past so that we as the scientific community can produce research that truly reflects the population across all cultures. Summary of Towards a Cross-Cultural Assessment of Binge-Watching Research Design The article’s full title is as follows, Towards a cross-cultural assessment of binge- watching: psychometric evaluation of “watching TV series motives” and “binge-watching engagement and symptoms” questionnaires across nine languages . The researchers actually developed two measures for the purposes of this study: Binge-Watching Engagement and Symptoms Questionnaire (BWESQ) and Watching TV Series Motives Questionnaire (WTSMQ). These two separate questionnaires, BWESQ and WTSMQ, as well as the Subjective Happiness

3 Scale, the Compulsive Internet Use Scale, the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Short Impulsive Behavior Scale, and a simple demographic questionnaire were all distributed online to college students across seventeen different countries (Flayelle et al., 2020). The sample included 12,616 students, but only full responses were used for further analysis. Findings The researchers were able to determine that the factorial and theoretical structures of their measures were replicated well across the many different languages. It was also evident that gender did not play a significant role in the conceptual understanding of the various questionnaires. However, gender did play a role in a specific section regarding coping/escapism. Females associated more so with this factor, which could be correlated with the higher depression rates in women. They further noted that there was in fact an association between binge-watching and depression. Conclusion The study yielded positive results, meaning there was evidence that supported the validity of the two newly developed measures (BWESQ and WTSMQ) as well as “similar patterns of relationships between motivational and behavioral aspects of binge-watching and negative health measures, suggesting that common features may be linked to problematic binge-watching across cultures” (Flayelle et al., 2020, p. 11). The researchers hope that these measures will help future research about binge-watching across different cultures as well as uncovering the similar motivations behind it. Applicability The researchers outlined six limitations they noticed throughout their study. First and foremost the means they used to collect different samples from the different countries varied,

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4 therefore creating gaps in the sample sizes. Secondly, the data was self-reported which could leave room for biases in regards to memory recall, social desirability, and lack of introspection (Flayelle, 2020). Third, there were differences in Cronbach’s alpha values in the Chinese and German versions. Fourth, in all of the versions it seems that the CFI and IFI values did not meet the ideal thresholds recommended. Fifth, sociodemographic measures were less detailed in order to lessen the participants’ burden. Lastly, as I previously mentioned in the beginning of this analysis, their sample included primarily college students so this could potentially limit the studies’ generalizability. Final Thoughts and Conclusion Overall I believe that this study truly strived to complete their study within various cultures and countries without bias. The main reason why I feel this way is due to the sheer amount of authors involved in this study. There are authors from Spain, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Columbia, the United States, France, Germany, Mexico, Belgium, Egypt, the United Kingdom, Iran, Australia, China, South Africa, Italy, Canada, and Hungary! It is clear this study did their due diligence in terms of inclusivity in order to ensure that everything was translated and understood in the same way for each country or culture. It is quite impressive that they were all able to coordinate involvement in this study and accumulate a large sample of over 12,000 students worldwide. I think that it is also important to further note that the authors developed two new measures in order to complete this study cross-culturally with ease. This is definitely one of the better studies I have read in terms of execution across the world without including any biases.

5 Resources Flayelle, M., Castro-Calvo, J., Vögele, C., Astur, R., Ballester-Arnal, R., Challet-Bouju, G., Brand, M., Cárdenas, G., Devos, G., Elkholy, H., Grall-Bronnec, M., James, R. J. E., Jiménez-Martínez, M., Khazaal, Y., Valizadeh-Haghi, S., King, D. L., Liu, Y., Lochner, C., Steins-Loeber, S., … Billieux, J. (2020). Towards a cross-cultural assessment of binge-watching: Psychometric evaluation of the “Watching tv series motives” and “binge-watching engagement and symptoms” questionnaires across nine languages. Computers in Human Behavior , 111 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106410 Matsumoto, D. R., & Juang, L. P. (2017). Culture and psychology (sixth). Cengage Learning.

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