PSY108_Project_One_Milestone

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1 Project One Milestone: Graphic Organizer Sasha Goncalves Southern New Hampshire University PSY 108: Introduction to Psychology Erika McCalpine January 15, 2024

2 PSY 108 Project One Milestone Graphic Organizer COLUMN 1 COLUMN 2 COLUMN 3 COLUMN 4 COLUMN 5 1. Overview of perspective 2. How does the perspective relate to nature? 3. How does the perspective relate to nurture? 4. How does this perspective study or explain stress? 5. Think about the ways stress impacts your own life. In your opinion, is nature or nurture more significant for this perspective, and why? Neuroscience: How the structures and chemistry of the brain and body influence mental process and behavior Brain and body development is influenced by biological factors, such as genetic expression (Honeycutt, 2019). Brain and body development is influenced by responses to changes in our environment (Honeycutt, 2019). The neuroscience perspective studies the chemical causes and effects of stress, from the release of the hormone cortisol to the effects of chronic stress on the body. I think nurture is more significant for the neuroscience perspective. Consider neuroplasticity or drug addiction. I believe neuroscience favors nurture. Neuroscience prefers nurture over nature for several reasons. Neuroplasticity shows how our brains may change to adapt to our experiences. If nature were more essential, the brain wouldn't allow itself to be changed so dramatically by our interactions with our environment throughout our lives. While there is a genetic link to drug dependence, sociocultural factors also matter. Social influences include parenting style, household income, and emotional support. Evolutionary: How natural We are born with instincts that Our ability to survive depends on our ability The evolutionary perspective explains that I think nature is more significant for the evolutionary perspective. Consider

3 PSY 108 Project One Milestone Graphic Organizer selection of traits promotes the survival and reproduction of genes promote our survival and the propagation of our species (Honeycutt, 2019). to adapt to the changing demands of life (Honeycutt, 2019). our biological response to stress was passed down from our ancestors because it helped them survive threatening situations. aggression or empathy. I think evolution prioritizes nature. Darwin's theory of evolution heavily supports biology. Understanding Darwin's work and its effects demonstrates how desirable traits are passed down from generation to generation. Violence against individuals trying to harm themselves or their families is linked to a longer lifetime and more children. Future descendants might get this trait and pass it on. Behavior Genetics: How genes and environment interact and work together to influence our traits and behaviors Genetic predisposition and innate knowledge help to shape our attitudes and choices (Honeycutt, 2019). Our lived experience influences the coding and expression of our genes (Levitt, 2013). The behavior genetics perspective investigates whether genes predispose some people to stress, how stress affects gene expression, and how stress can alter our genes through epigenetic changes. I think nature is more significant for the behavior genetics perspective. Introversion and extraversion are two behaviors that should be considered. My opinion is that nature is more meaningful when seen from the standpoint of behavior genetics. Taking into consideration the nature vs. nurture dispute, the behavior genetics perspective is more likely to take the nature vs. nurture stance. It is clear that our genes have a substantial influence on the development of certain personality traits, such as those that differentiate people from one another. In order to provide evidence for this, we go to studies that focus on twins, particularly those that deal with twins who were raised

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4 PSY 108 Project One Milestone Graphic Organizer in two separate environments. According to the findings of this research, even if they were brought up in quite different environments, twins have a number of personality characteristics that are very similar when they are adults. Therefore, the argument claims that if the role of nurture were more significant, then these twins ought to have personalities that are completely unlike one another. Psychodynamic: How unconscious drives and desires influence behavior We are naturally, and unconsciously, driven to seek pleasure and avoid death (Freud, 1920). Childhood experiences influence how we manage the conflict between our desires and society’s rules (Harper, 2023). The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes how our inner conflicts and early childhood experiences influence our ability to deal with stress. I think nurture is more significant for the psychodynamic perspective. Consider self- or social-awareness. I believe psychodynamics emphasizes nurture. Psychodynamics supports nurturing in this debate. Self-awareness and social awareness are taught in childhood. This process takes a child into adolescence or maturity, so they can't know themselves fundamentally. We also find that how parents and other caregivers teach children to see themselves affects this process. Additionally, if a child is not educated by their caretakers, they will not understand society's expectations. Behavioral: How observable The choices that we make are instinctual, The choices that we make are a product of The behavioral perspective suggests that I think nurture is more significant for the behavioral perspective. Consider avoiding

5 PSY 108 Project One Milestone Graphic Organizer behaviors and reactions are shaped by external stimuli not learned (Garvey, 2005). what we learn through our exposure to role models (Garvey, 2005). our reactions to stressful situations are learned behaviors or responses— and that we can change them. or defeating conflict resolution tactics. I think nurture matters more behaviorally. The behavioral perspective supports nurturing. Humans learn from positive and negative reinforcement. If an activity has a positive result, we repeat it; if not, we avoid it. One may use this method to win and avoid conflicts. Experiences shape dispute resolution styles, not inheritance. Force is more likely to be used if it has been shown to 'win' several arguments. However, if such a person is taught that delaying a conflict entirely avoids the need to deal with it, they are more inclined to maintain that behavior. Cognitive: How the encoding, organization, and retrieval of memories influence thought, emotions, and behavior We are born with innate knowledge that influences our attitudes, beliefs, and values (Honeycutt, 2019). The knowledge that we acquire through everyday life experience influences our attitudes, beliefs, and values (Lewkowicz, 2011). The cognitive perspective suggests that how we think about certain situations can affect our experiences of stress and how stress can affect our memory, attention, and problem-solving skills. I think nurture is more significant for the cognitive perspective. Consider language acquisition or intellect. From the point of view of cognitive development, I feel that nurture is more significant. The field of cognitive psychology focuses on the nurture perspective and the ways in which individuals acquire new information throughout their early years of life. On the subject of language learning, it would seem that infants are born with a natural ability to pick up any language to which they are

6 PSY 108 Project One Milestone Graphic Organizer immediately exposed. On the other hand, kids will never acquire a language unless the people in their environment consistently repeat it to them. There are two sorts of intelligence that we see while discussing large topics: fluid intelligence and crystallized intellect. In spite of the fact that divergent thinking is often believed to be motivated largely by constitutional considerations, we would not have been able to come up with these rapid answers if we had not obtained the information that we did through crystallized understanding. Social-Cultural: How behaviors and thoughts are shaped by people, contexts, and cultures Our social behavior is hardwired, the result of genetic predisposition (Kitayama & Salvador, 2017). Our social behavior is influenced by the attitudes, beliefs, and values that we acquire within our culture (Kitayama & Salvador, 2017). The social-cultural perspective explores how interactions with others and social situations may contribute to or affect stress. I think nurture is more significant for the social-cultural perspective. Consider deviance or obedience. Within the context of the social-cultural perspective, I believe that nurture is more relevant. We can look to the past to see this. In America, it has always been expected that the man should work and the woman should stay home to raise the kids. A woman who was happy with her role was probably seen as obedient, while a woman who wanted a job would have been seen as more disobedient. We no longer live by these rules in today's world.

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7 PSY 108 Project One Milestone Graphic Organizer

8 PSY 108 Project One Milestone Graphic Organizer References Freud, S., & Jones, E. (Eds.). (1922). International psychoanalytical library: Vol. 4. Beyond the pleasure principle. (C. J. M. Hubback, Trans.). The International Psycho-Analytical Press . https://doi.org/10.1037/11189-000 (Original work published 1920) Garvey, B. (2005). Nature, nurture and why the pendulum still swings. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 35 (2), 309–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2005.10716592 Harper, J. (2023). Psychology in the real world . Soomo Learning. https://www.webtexts.com Honeycutt, H. (2019). Nature and nurture as an enduring tension in the history of psychology. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology . https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.518 Kitayama, S., & Salvador, C. E. (2017). Culture embrained: Going beyond the nature-nurture dichotomy. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12 (5), 841–854. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617707317 Levitt, M. (2013). Perceptions of nature, nurture and behaviour. Life Sciences, Society and Policy, 9 (13). https://doi.org/10.1186/2195-7819-9-13 Lewkowicz, D. J. (2011). The biological implausibility of the nature-nurture dichotomy and what it means for the study of infancy. Infancy: The Official Journal of the International Society on Infant Studies, 16 (4), 331–367. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7078.2011.00079.x

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