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Running Head: ARTICLE INTERROGATION 1 Article Interrogation Makayla Gliori Grand Canyon University

Running Head: ARTICLE INTERROGATION 2 Article Interrogation Article One: Loneliness, Social Networks, and Social Functioning in Borderline Personality Disorder Construct Validity BPD was operationalized by researchers first referring to the DSM-5 for symptoms of BPD Liebke, L., Bungert, M., Thome, J., Hauschild, S., Gescher, D. M., Schmahl, C., Lis, S., 2017). Then a clinical psychologist reviewed the patients to ensure that the first diagnose was correct (Liebke et al., 2017). Both content and face validity were addressed here as researchers consulted both the DSM-5 and a clinical psychologist. (Liebke et al., 2017). Because this was a correlational study rather than an experiment, criterion validity was not used. This study also did not imply self-report to operationalize this variable, so neither convergent nor discriminant validities were used. Both test-retest and interrater reliability were used and addressed. Test- retest was used when researchers used two different tests to determine the presence of BPD (Liebke et al., 2017). Interrater reliability was used when the clinical psychologist supported the researchers’ findings. Internal reliability was never addressed. The Cronbach alphas for both BPD tests were given, and each score supported the other (Liebke et al., 2017). Loneliness was operationalized through the UCLA Loneliness Scale, a twenty question self-report questionnaire scaled on a five-point Likert scale (Liebke et al., 2017). Both content and face validity were addressed as researchers chose this survey and screened the survey for biased wording. Due to the fact this was a correlational study rather than an experiment, criterion validity was not used. Since loneliness was operationalized with a survey, both convergent and discriminant validities were employed. None of the reliabilities were used or addressed in the

Running Head: ARTICLE INTERROGATION 3 operationalization of this variable. The Cronbach alpha was given for the test, which came out to be 0.95 (Liebke et al., 2017). Statistical Validity The biggest result to look at is the analysis of how BPD affects loneliness. When the control group is measured against the experimental group a pattern emerges. There is an overlap of loneliness score distributions of 0.6% for BPD patients and the control group (Liebke et al., 2017). While this score is larger than the required 0.5% for an r-test, it still holds very little strength when the effect size is taken into account. These results do support the researchers’ hypothesis that BPD patients feel lonelier than those without (Liebke et al., 2017). While this may be true, the correlation is weak and doesn’t do a great job of fully supporting their hypothesis. What it does show is that in this small sample, which is hard to generalize to the population, BPD patients struggle with loneliness more than their healthy control counterparts. Internal Validity As this was a correlational study there was no up-front causal claim. But the claim the researchers might wish to make would be Borderline Personality Disorder causes higher levels of loneliness. Due to the fact this was a correlational study, multiple regression was used in order to predict the outcome of the study. Using the causal rules, it is possible to formulate a causal claim from this research. The covariance of this study would be, as the severity of BPD rises so do the levels of loneliness. Temporal precedence would be, in order to prove that BPD causes higher levels of loneliness, researchers have to establish the severity of a patient’s BPD. Lastly, for internal validity there were a number of variables controlled for. Bias was controlled for by

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Running Head: ARTICLE INTERROGATION 4 researchers screening the UCLA Loneliness Scale and comorbid mental illnesses were controlled when patients were screened for them. It would be hard for researchers to make a causal claim based on the presented evidence. Not only was the sample relatively small, but also the results were not strong enough to come to any sort of concrete solution. It would be best for this study to prove as further evidence for future reference for proving the causal claim that BPD increases a person’s level of loneliness. External Validity This data would be hard to generalize to any sort of population for three reasons. One being that it was a small sample of only eighty women. Secondly the sample was just purely women and while you could generalize this to only women suffering from BPD, it would be a very small generalization. Lastly, the results did not prove to be that strong. There was a very weak correlation between the two variables, small enough that researchers could not draw any conclusions from their study. Article Two: A prospective, longitudinal, study of men with borderline personality disorder with and without comorbid antisocial personality disorder Construct Validity Borderline Personality Disorder with comorbid Antisocial Personality Disorder was operationalized through the use of the DSM-5 (Robitaille, Checknita, Vitaro, Tremblay, Paris, & Hodgins, 2017). Particpants were called and then asked to participate in the study. After a number of interviews eight men were eliminated due to severe mental illness (Robitaille et al., 2017). Both content and face validity were met as the patients were screened, and some were even eliminated, based on guidelines the researchers set. As this was a correlational study, the criterion validity was not addressed. This variable did not rely on self-report tactics, so neither

Running Head: ARTICLE INTERROGATION 5 convergent nor discriminant validities were used (Robitaille et al., 2017). Men were not asked to take any tests or surveys, so test-retest and internal reliability were not met. Interrater reliability was met when several researchers conducted the same interview for each participant (Robitaille et al., 2017). Cronbach alphas were not supplied for this variable. Criminal convictions were operationalized using background checks and careful screening by researchers (Robitaille et al., 2017). Researcher only included men with violent crimes (Robitaille et al., 2017). Both content and face validity were addressed as researchers screened participants according to guidelines they had set. As this was a correlational study, the criterion validity was not addressed. Similarly, this variable was not obtained via self-report so, neither convergent nor discriminant validities were used. Surveys or tests were not used to obtain this variable so neither test-retest nor internal reliability were addressed. Finally, it is unclear if interrater reliability was used as it does not say who conducted the background checks, so it is unclear if multiple people checked (Robitaille et al., 2017). Cronbach alphas were not included for this variable. Statistical Validity After results were compared and averaged a pattern emerged. Patients with BPD comorbid with Antisocial Personality Disorder were seven times more likely to commit violent crimes then their healthy counterparts (Robitaille et al., 2017). This evidence supports the researchers’ hypothesis, but it is not strong enough to give conclusive evidence. It is also hard to compare results and see its significance without being presented a Cronbach alpha. What is does show is that in this small sample BPD patients with comorbid Antisocial Personality Disorder are more likely to commit violent crimes than healthy men. Internal Validity

Running Head: ARTICLE INTERROGATION 6 Seeing as this was a correlational study, there was no causal claim. But the claim researchers might try to make would be Borderline Personality Disorder comorbid with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) causes higher levels of aggression and violence. A multiple regression analysis was used in order to predict the outcome of the study. Using the three causal rules, researchers were able to predict the result of the study. The covariance of the study would be, as the severity of BPD comorbid ASPD rises so does the individual’s level of aggression. Temporal precedence would be, in order to prove BPD comorbid with ASPD causes higher levels of violence and aggression, researchers have to establish the severity of an individual’s disorder. Lastly, internal validity. Researchers controlled for third variables by screening for violence, criminal convictions, and even tracking individuals through their life. It would be hard for researchers to make causal claims based on the results. The sample itself was small, when compared to the population they are examining, but also the evidence was not conclusive enough to form a conclusion. External Validity This data would be difficult to generalize to the population of men with BPD comorbid with ASPD. First the sample was small and only pulled from men living in France. Second, the data was not conclusive enough for researchers to generalize it without being unethical. Last, it only discussed men. While this could work it would be a very small population to generalize to.

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Running Head: ARTICLE INTERROGATION 7 References Liebke, L., Bungert, M., Thome, J., Hauschild, S., Gescher, D. M., Schmahl, C., … Lis, S. (2017). Loneliness, social networks, and social functioning in borderline personality disorder. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment , 8 (4), 349–356. Retrieved from https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1037/per0000208.supp Robitaille, MP., Checknita, D., Vitaro, D., Tremblay, R., Paris, J., & Hodgins. S. (2017). A prospective, longitudinal, study of men with borderline personality disorder with and without comorbid antisocial personality disorder. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation , (1), 1. Retrieved from https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1186/s40479-017-0076-2

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