PSY 802 - The Future of Freud

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Running head: THE FUTURE OF FREUD 1 The Future of Freud Ashlee T. Byers Grand Canyon University October 21, 2020

THE FUTURE OF FREUD 2 Through research and study medical monitoring and empirical research have supported Sigmund Freud’s drive theory. What is a drive? Well, drive can be considered an internal force within a person to satisfy an appetite. During the early stages of psychoanalysis, Freud considered drive to be an extremely important aspect of his theory of instincts. Research shows that the human body consistently strives for a homeostatic state and when it is disturbed, the body forms a “drive” as a reaction (Compton, 1981). Much like any other discipline, psychology and psychoanalysis have completely evolved over the decades. Much of Sigmund Freud’s traditional practices and theories have been outdated and progressed into modern psychology, but some of his original ideas do remain essential to the field. Modern mental practice allows for some ideas like the developmental approach, transference, dynamic unconscious, countertransference, and the defense mechanisms to have a valid mainstay within practice, application, and contemporary insights to the improvement of patient management and care (Ulberg & Dahl, 2018). During his time, Freud’s vision of psychoanalysis could be considered a metapsychology, or theoretical and speculative psychology, describing what lies beyond the traditional law and facts. Currently, these psychoanalytic students are much more accepted and have been more entrenched inside of empirical research. The models of the mind’s structure and how it functions tend to employ the clinicians’ patient interest, establishing a therapeutic interaction. (Ulberg & Dahl, 2018). Thus, the drive increases over a span of time, operating like a thermostat, to control feedback. The question is often askes of whether psychoanalysis is actually relevant and whether it is valid in the realm of psychology. Much of this skepticism and questioning can be attributed to there being too much emphasis placed by Freud on a person’s childhood. Over time, many of his

THE FUTURE OF FREUD 3 theories, including those most provocative, have been proven wrong, or at the least, extremely outdated. With Freud being the father of psychoanalysis, it can only be expected that the field itself would be questioned in modern day. The question of whether it should be considered a validated, scientific theory depends on the era of use. Today’s psychoanalysis should indeed be considered a scientific research program. There are still many questions regarding whether the psychoanalytic approach offers the proper scientific evidence regarding the ideas and information that the theory proposes. Criticism of the Freudian psychoanalytic theory is typically directly linked to the attempts to connect it with academic and scientific psychology. Freudian theory is proactive and dramatic, often toggling between coping with aggressive and primitive sexual urges and trying to deliver or cure patients from neurosis while attempting to convince others to adopt their viewpoint. The question of what general problems are explored in the field of psychology is met by the question of whose eyes might one be viewing the “problems” through. There are several issues, as with any other field, which the behavioral health field is facing. There are also issues that tend to endure within the field that clinicians and other professionals are attempting to rectify with their work. There are several key issues that divide the professional psychologists into debate: nature vs. nurture, free will vs. determinism, conscious vs. unconscious mind, individual difference vs. universal principles, and psychology as a science (McLeod, 2017). Nature vs. Nurture is frequently debated to the extent of whether human behavior is inherited or acquired through influences. Nature could be considered a type of predisposition or prewiring that is inherited through genetics. Nurture is the response to external factors that influence behavior, like life experiences, individual learning, and exposure. Free will vs. determinism is a debate surrounding human behavior, again. This debate surrounds the

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THE FUTURE OF FREUD 4 determinist belief that actions are a result of some cause, making them predictable, while free will results in the governance of all behavior from forces in which we have absolutely no control. There are different levels to determinism including soft, hard, internal, and external (McLeod, 2017). Still with the theme of human behavior, the debate of the conscious vs. unconscious mind was made most famous by our beloved Sigmund Freud and his belief that personality was derived from this conflicting interaction. Psychologists are consistently trying to understand how the mind works (Bargh, 2014). He believed, in a time where his thoughts were considered to be very shocking and controversial, that the conscious mind harbored the rational awareness of memories, feelings, thought, and wishes. The unconscious mind contains these same feelings and memories, but those that are outside of awareness, including unpleasant or unacceptable thoughts like anxiety, pain, and conflict. Lastly, the discussion of individual difference vs. universal principles touches on how much of a person’s human behavior can be considered a direct consequence of their special and unique qualities verses how much it is effected by society and the culture that the person lives and is submerged in. It is believed that morality plays a large part in the universal principles, and morals can be considered unconscious or conscious. Recent evidence has stated that morality can be the output of several psychological processes including mental-state reasoning, controlled cognition, and emotional responding (Young & Saxe, 2011). Freduian and Neo-Freudian theory have, indeed, attempted to tackle some of these general problems that have plagued the field of psychology. There has been much research on the discourse of Sigmund Freud and his opinion on the nature versus nurture debate, and regarding his theories, it has been speculated that he would have been on the side of nurture. His

THE FUTURE OF FREUD 5 theory on the ego and superego show his belief that personal experiences are truly influential (Ellman, 2018). Regarding free will and determinism, although he had no blatant stance, much of Freud’s theories surrounded the concepts of conscious verses unconscious behaviors. Although not considered a Neo-Freudian, but a behaviorist, B.F. Skinner shared Freud’s disregard for free will. Freud could be considered core radical in his beliefs than Skinner, but they both relied on determinism and what has recently been described as the cause and effect situation. Behaviors might not be considered completely predictable, but it can be dictated by nature. Neo Freudians, especially the well-regarded Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson, Carl Jung, and Karen Horney, are noted to have believed in and followed Sigmund Freud’s theories on personality to an extent, but then modified and created new and more accurate and relevant theories. These updates to Freud’s outdated theories often addressed several problems that the field of psychology faced. Each Neo Freudian touched on a topic that appeared outdated or erroneous and gave it new validation. Adler, focusing on childhood, negated Freud’s belief that development is motivated by aggressive sexual urges. Instead, he identified tasks that are fundamental to development through social interactions: societal, occupational, and love tasks. He believed that these motivations are conscious and are the force behind emotion, thought, and behavior from childhood. His major contribution to the field of psychology is the understanding that a person’s birth order can shape their personality (Bergemer, 2015). Erik Erikson studied psychoanalysis after meeting with Sigmund Freud’s daughter Anna. He placed a strong emphasis on how social relationships have importance during each stage of a

THE FUTURE OF FREUD 6 person’s lifespan, calling it the psychosocial theory. This proposition differed from Freud and his view that a person’s personality is determined early in life. He also focused more on social relationships than Freud’s fixation on sex. Thus, the eight psychosocial stages of development were born. Carl Jung developed analytical psychology and began working on how to balance the opposing conscious and unconscious thoughts. He differed with Freud on the topic of a person’s sexual drive being the primary motivator of their mentality, also Jung believed that his concept of the unconscious was incomplete. Lastly, Karen Horney was the first woman that was trained as a psychoanalyst under the Freudian theory. Her theories surrounded the role of anxiety within the unconscious and thus developed three coping styles in which children learn to handle this anxiety (Bergemer, 2915). Overall, with the contributions of Sigmund Freud to the field of psychology, followed by the Now Freudians expounding on his former theories and developing their own in the process, it seems that things have been and are continually moving in the proper direction. Ultimately, as with every process, there are steps that should be followed to ensure success. The first step is to identify the problems so that they can be understood. Strategies should be formed to tackle the issue then resources should be allocated to begin the solving process. Although the field has come so very far, it is our duty as future clinicians, psychologists, and psychology professionals to pick up the torch that was initially lit by Sigmund Freud and keep striving toward total understanding.

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THE FUTURE OF FREUD 7 Reference: Bargh, J. A. (2014). Our unconscious mind. Scientific American , 310 (1), 30-37. Bergemer, J. (2015). Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysis. Retrieved from https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~jfkihlstrom/PersonalityWeb/Ch7NeoFreudian.htm Compton, A. (1981). On the Psychoanalytic Theory of Instinctual Drives: I: The Beginnings of Freud’s Drive Theory. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly , 50 (2), 190-218. Ellman, S. J. (2018). When theories touch: A historical and theoretical integration of psychoanalytic thought . New York, NY: Routledge . ISBN-13: 9781855757912 McLeod, S. A. (2017). Debates and issues in psychology . Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/psychology-debates.html Ulberg, R., & Dahl, H. S. J. (2018). Empirical support for the psychoanalytic concepts. The Lancet Psychiatry , 5 (7), 543-544. Young, L., & Saxe, R. (2011). Moral universals and individual differences. Emotion Review , 3 (3), 323-324.

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