Angela Hobson Module One Milestone

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Southern New Hampshire University *

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491

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Psychology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Module One Milestone Angela Hobson Southern New Hampshire University PSY 491 Psychology and Social Change January 13, 2024

Hogg M. A. (2021, July 30). Self-uncertainty and group identification: Consequences for social identity, group behavior, intergroup relations, and Society. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 64. PG 263-316. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0065260121000150 This section comes from a book centered on uncertainty-identity theory, which delves into the idea that people turn towards group identification to lessen their feelings of self- doubt. By categorizing oneself socially in this way, an individual's sense of personal identity is subsumed by their affiliation with a particular ingroup. Should someone have low social esteem or lack leadership opportunities within their chosen circle, there is potential for them to become vulnerable and even radicalized. Hogg (2021) posits that reducing one's own uncertainties fuels this desire for attaching oneself more closely to a specific collective; his perspective could offer valuable insights deserving additional investigation given his expertise as an established authority in the field. Hopkins N. Kahani-Hopkins, V., & Reicher, S. (2006). VI. Identity and Social Change. Contextualizing Agency. Feminism & Psychology, 16(1), 52-57 https://doi.org/10.1177/0959-353506060820 This article discusses the power of collective identity to drive societal transformation. The piece examines how a Muslim women's group in the UK underwent the process of comprehending, transforming, and rebuilding their social identities, which gave them an immense sense of empowerment as they engaged with male opponents during intergroup discussions. Hopkins et al.'s (2006) findings suggest that belonging to groups can provide significant opportunities for exploring oppressive belief systems within

supportive contexts, regardless of whether such revelations are deemed progressive by society at large. Niens U, Cairns E. Explaining Social Change, and Identity Management Strategies: New Directions for Future Research. Theory & Psychology. 2003;13(4):489-509. doi:10.1177/09593543030134003 This article explores the tactics employed in managing identity, discussing how both individuals and groups can make use of approaches such as mobility, creativity, and competition to address negative social identities while building positive ones. It delves into theories related to social identity—including relative deprivation theory—and authoritarian personality theory before arriving at the argument that these two views are complementary. Most notably for future work on this topic, the authors suggest integrating various perspectives may allow us a more precise understanding of which particular strategies individuals or collectives might employ when grappling with questions of group identification. Overall, this is an insightful study concerning diverse conceptualizations and the impacts they have upon intergroup dynamics within society's constellations. Perozzo, C., de la Sablonnière, R., Auger, E., & Caron-Diotte, M. (2016). Social identity change in response to discrimination. The British journal of social psychology , 55 (3), 438–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12145 An analysis of the impacts of discrimination on social identity is presented in this article. The research conducted reveals that ambiguous forms of discrimination can generate a sense of collective pride and moral superiority among groups that are highly dissatisfied, thereby elevating their social identity. Conversely, when such

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discriminations fail to spark strong reactions from discontented factions within the group, there was a noticeable decline in overall group cohesion and commonality. This scholarly piece has undergone rigorous review processes and may help one understand how collective mentality influences changes in societal identities. Tanti, C., Stukas, A. A., Halloran, M. J., & Foddy, M. (2011). Social identity change: shifts in social identity during adolescence. Journal of adolescence , 34 (3), 555–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.05.012 This article delves into the concept of self-categorization theory, examining whether alterations in cognitive and social context impact adolescents' social identity across three distinct phases: early (12–14 years old), mid (15–17 years old), and late adolescence (18–20 years old). By comparing how peer group identity versus gender identity affects self-stereotyping and favoritism among teens, this research concluded that peer group identification plays a larger role than gender during adolescent development. Notably, while both early and late adolescence were more influenced by their peers as compared to identifying with their own gender identities, mid-teens exhibited different behavior patterns. The study's findings demonstrate that Tanti et al.'s methodology revealed unique insights on the sensitive period-specific impacts of different types of categorizations encountered during an individual’s formative stages from other studies conducted under similar circumstances. Overall, it is considered a credible review; personally, I found its parameters particularly engaging given my past experiences. Three Themes

From my research, three distinct themes have surfaced. These include the pursuit of self-discovery through the process of self-categorization, an individual's need to belong to a collective group and how this can impact societal change, as well as the evolution of social identity throughout one's lifespan due to various biological and environmental factors. Regardless of whether individuals are trying to decrease uncertainty or negative perceptions related to their identity, they all share a desire to seek ways of understanding themselves by categorizing themselves into certain groups. The search for connection then leads them towards finding these collectives that match with who they identify with. When people form bonds within such communities (whether positive, negative, or potent), consequences are eventually manifested in society at large because there emerges a sense of empowerment among members, which drives action forward collectively from multiple voices. Throughout time, though, over years, decades even: There will inevitably be adjustments pertaining specifically each phase: people grow older and undergo life-altering experiences or events which may lead or force them join different or previously-unseen groups, resulting solely maturation-induced changes occurring amongst oneself regarding emotional and physical being, interacting more introspectively vis-à-vis surroundings, ultimately shaping evolving growth and matrix comprised by both internal and external influences applied simultaneously during entirety of the lifetime lived. Personal Significance Personally, the influence of family on one's identity holds significant meaning for me. My childhood experienced trauma, which resulted in my developing an identity that revolved around self-preservation and fight-or-flight responses. Accepting myself and achieving my intended identity became a challenge as I was preoccupied with safeguarding against potential

stressors. The nurturing from my parents wasn't helpful to strengthen this aspect either; however, there were positive contributions made by grandparents who played a major role in developing an individualized positive sense of self within me through their supportiveness. This intervention has boosted confidence levels, aiding me in further progress towards attaining authenticity-backed distinctiveness concerning personality traits unique solely to myself. Societal Significance In my perspective, self-categorization stands as the most socially significant theme. An individual's perception of themselves can greatly influence society due to societies being shaped by their respective sub-groups. The impact people have on their environment varies depending on how positively or negatively they view themselves, which ultimately affects societal growth and prosperity. For instance, social groups like activists who categorize themselves in a positive light work towards enhancing communal development, while criminals and gangs with negative self-perceptions tend to diminish it instead, making individual-centric classification an integral factor that determines either positive or adverse attributes within any given society. Theories of Personal Change The theory of personal growth that aligns with my values and traits is the Self- Determination Theory. Being diligent, autonomous, and motivated to strive for excellence reflects who I am as an individual. Taking control over my life's trajectory by taking charge of every opportunity presented before me propels me closer towards achieving my desired outcome. Continually pushing myself forward toward progress in self-improvement remains vital; therefore, adopting principles from the Self-Regulation Theory suitably benefits

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maintaining authority over actions taken while accounting for emotional expression during changes. Social Change initiative One social initiative that springs to mind is the legalization of marijuana. In my opinion, marijuana has numerous medicinal benefits for individuals suffering from a range of health issues, such as cancer and ADHD or anxiety disorders. I find it unacceptable that some people are still incarcerated merely because they possess this natural remedy. It's remarkable how many patients prefer using cannabis over prescription pills due to its efficacy in alleviating their symptoms, leading them to feel more comfortable with no side effects on other organs, respectively.

Reference Hogg M. A. (2021, July 30). Self-uncertainty and group identification: Consequences for social identity, group behavior, intergroup relations, and Society. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 64. PG 263-316. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0065260121000150 Hopkins N. Kahani-Hopkins, V., & Reicher, S. (2006). VI. Identity and Social Change. Contextualizing Agency. Feminism & Psychology, 16(1), 52-57 https://doi.org/10.1177/0959-353506060820 Niens U, Cairns E. Explaining Social Change, and Identity Management Strategies: New Directions for Future Research. Theory & Psychology. 2003;13(4):489-509. doi:10.1177/09593543030134003 Perozzo, C., de la Sablonnière, R., Auger, E., & Caron-Diotte, M. (2016). Social identity change in response to discrimination. The British journal of social psychology , 55 (3), 438–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12145 Tanti, C., Stukas, A. A., Halloran, M. J., & Foddy, M. (2011). Social identity change: shifts in social identity during adolescence. Journal of adolescence , 34 (3), 555–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.05.012

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