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1 Module 6: Control Department of Psychology, Liberty University PSYC 365: Psychological Foundations of Learning Module 6: Control There are three prominent theories that come with using punishment to alter behavior. The first prominent theory of punishment is based on observation and was proposed by Estes and

2 Skinner. The observation consisted of a controlled stimulus that when paired with a shock will suppress performance of food-reinforced instrumental behavior (Domjan, 2017). This creates conditioned suppression when it is ongoing because the shock is an adverse stimulus that creates fear and causes the animal to freeze which interferes with other affairs. An example of this would be if my friend’s puppy was barking every time an object or person was walking on the sidewalk. A shock would be delivered at the time the puppy started to bark to create the fear response of not barking when an object or person walked by on the sidewalk. The second prominent theory of punishment is the two-process theory of punishment and is mostly associated with Dinsmoor. Dinsmoor proposed that organisms learn to escape from the conditioned aversive stimuli related to the punished response by appealing to another behavior that conflicts with the punishment activity (Domjan, 2017). This theory is controversial because it suggests that changes in aversive instrumental conditioning can fluctuate and be explained by avoidance learning. However, this is difficult to prove because it has a notion that one must anticipate the organisms experiences prior punishment. Given the information on the two-process theory of punishment I would not recommend using this theory of punishment for my friend’s puppy. The third and final prominent theory of punishment is the negative Law of Effect which is the oldest and originally proposed by Thorndike. This proposal was that positive reinforcement and punishment are opposite processes. Which means that positive reinforcement would increase one’s behavior whereas a punishment would weaken the behavior. However, this became questioned Rasmussen and Newland in 2008 had done a study on college students and the findings were that punishment has three times the amount of behavior change compared to reinforcement (Domjan, 2017). With this information, punishment has three times more effect than reinforcement that would be noted when speaking to my friend on training her new puppy.

3 Overall, for punishment to work there needs to be a controlled stimulus that is aversive in instrumental behavior to be effective training for my friends new puppy. Biblical Perspective Overcoming Fear When thinking about fear I think of how challenging that emotion can be when we are in the moment it can be hard to overcome. Fear has a potential to consume one completely and can even prevent one from living life to the fullest. However we can look to the bible for comfort because God lets us know that there is no reason to be fearful. “So do not fear, for I am with you; do not be dismayed, for I am your God. I will strengthen you and help you; I will uphold you with my righteous right hand.” (Isaiah 41:8-10). In this scripture God is telling us that he is with us and that he will strengthen and help us when we are feeling fearful. One example that I personally have from overcoming a fear is when I was in Marine Corps bootcamp, and I was fearful that I would not be able to finish the crucible but I was able to take a breath and then pray to God to give me the strength to finish. In the end I finished the crucible and felt proud that I earned my eagle, globe, and anchor. References Domjan, M. (2017) The Principles of Learning and Behavior MindTap - Cengage Learning.

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