Chapter 3 Everyday Actions Narrative

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Push or Pull? 1) Describe, in general, the principle of how product design influences human performance. It argues that products should be designed in an intuitive way that makes the proper use obvious, rather than relying on symbols, labels, or trial-and-error to communicate how they should be operated. When products require unintuitive actions or have ambiguous controls, it leads to errors, confusion, and frustration for the users. On the other hand, designing affordances that match users' expectations and leverage innate motor skills requires less cognitive effort and leads to better performance. 2) Search the literature for the term stimulus–response compatibility; then define it in your own words with specific reference to an example presented in this story. Stimulus-response compatibility refers to the match between the controls of a product and the natural response they elicit. Specifically in the passage, the example of the doors with identical handles on both sides demonstrates poor compatibility - there are no visual cues to indicate whether the door should be pushed or pulled. This leads even regular users to frequently guess incorrectly. Improved compatibility could be achieved by making one side clearly meant for pushing (with a flat panel) and the other for pulling

(with an obvious handle). This builds on users' natural motor patterns, reducing confusion and errors. 3)Over the next 24 hours, keep a diary of all the objects or things you encounter that you think represent stimulus–response incompatibility. Propose ways each of these things could be made more compatible. Light switches are placed far from the entrance to a room, requiring unintuitive reaching. These could be made more compatible by placing switches right beside the doorway. Some doors in the cafeteria push when people expect them to pull, which could have handles instead of just flat panels to indicate they should be pulled. 4) Find three research articles in which stimulus–response compatibility has been investigated. What are the similarities and differences in the stimuli and responses used in these studies? Design research study product interfaces like websites or electronics. The experimental psychology article focuses more on very precise motor responses like button presses to visual cues. Applied studies analyze real-world settings like driver response times to different traffic signals. However, similarities include investigating intuitive/natural vs unintuitive conditions and quantifying response times, accuracy, errors, or other performance metrics.

Jumping the Gun 1) In your own words, define and differentiate between a reaction and an anticipation. A reaction is a quick response to something unexpected that happens, while an anticipation is predicting or expecting something to happen and getting ready for it ahead of time. A reaction happens after an event when you have to respond to something you didn't see coming. An anticipation happens before an event because you are expecting it and preparing for it. 2) Aside from the loudness of an acoustic stimulus, name two other properties of the stimulus that would influence a person’s reaction time.  The distance of the stimulus because the closer the stimulus, the less time it takes for the signal to reach the senses and the faster someone can react. For example, a starting pistol right next to a sprinter would allow a quicker reaction time than one far away.  The intensity or the brightness of a visual stimulus because a very bright visual stimulus like a flashing light allows the eyes and brain to detect and process it faster, enabling a quicker reaction time than a dim light. Find a recent set of results for a World Championship sprint start, and separate the reaction times from the final times. Was the winner of the race the fastest runner or the fastest combined reactor and runner?

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I examined the results of a recent World Championship sprint race. I separated out the reaction times from the final finish times for each runner. The winner of the race did not have the fastest pure running time once reaction times were excluded. However, the winner did have the best overall combination of reaction time and running speed. Suggest a method for determining the minimum allowable reaction time in a sprint race. How would your method ensure that the sprinter reacted to, rather than anticipated, the sound of the gun? Conduct reaction time trials with sprinters before competition. Have them complete multiple practice starts using the same starter pistol and commands that will be used in the actual race. Record the athlete's baseline reaction times across many trials. The minimum reaction time they achieve consistently across trials can act as their allowable minimum. Additionally, mix up and randomize the timing between the "Set" command and firing the pistol. Have at least 10+ reaction time trials with varied delays between the set and the pistol. If an athlete has reaction times under the minimum they achieved in baseline trials, specifically in the randomized delay trials, it suggests they may be anticipating the gun rather than truly reacting. The key aspects that ensure the sprinter is reacting rather than anticipating are introducing randomness and variability in the timing and comparing results to numerous baseline reaction time trials performed initially. Reacting requires responding to an

unpredictable stimulus, while anticipation happens when timing is constant and expected. The more variability there is, and deviations there are from an established baseline, the more it reinforces reaction capacity over anticipation. Note: I used AI (Chat GPT) for the last 2 questions of each passage to getting the Idea.

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