Brainstorm #2

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Feb 20, 2024

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The amygdala The amygdala is located in the medial temporal lobe, just anterior to the hippocampus and it is part of the limbic system. The amygdala is a paired structure, with one located in each hemisphere of the brain. The amygdala has neural circuits to carry out its distinct functions with two major output pathways. The Dorsal route via stria terminalis that projects to the septal area and hypothalamus, and the ventral route via the ventral amygdalofugal pathway which terminates in the septal area, hypothalamus, and the medial dorsal thalamic nucleus. The amygdala also receives inputs from all senses as well as visceral inputs. Visceral inputs come from the hypothalamus, septal area, orbital cortex, and parabrachial nucleus. The amygdala is responsible for emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation. The article “Persistence of amygdala hyperactivity to subliminal negative emotion processing in the long-term course of depression” explains they did it to investigate the neural correlates of automatic emotion processing of the course of depression over 2 years within a naturalistic study design, with a particular focus was placed on the amygdala. They did it by conducting a longitudinal study from May 2010 to June 2015 (baseline), with a follow-up every 2 years from September 2012 to August 2017. The participants consisted of fifty-seven individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) and thirty-seven individuals in the healthy control (HC) group. Patients with MDD were divided into two subgroups based on their course of illness: MDD relapse- group and MDD no-relapse. Participants underwent fMRI using a priming paradigm that included eighty trials showing sad, happy, neutral faces, or no face prime stimuli at subliminal perception levels, followed by neutral balanced and the participants rated the emotional valance of each neutral target face. They study individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy control group. The type of measures they used were: Clinical measures such as Hamilton depression rating scale, psychotherapeutic interventions, course of illness and medication. Neuroimaging measures such as fMRI, subliminal affective priming paradigm, and behavioral measures such as their participants’ behavioral responses during the subliminal affective priming paradigm, their ratings of the emotional valence of neutral target

The study found that patients with acute depression showed elevated amygdala activity during subliminal processing of masked sad faces compared to healthy control. Depressed patients did not show a positive processing bias toward happy faces during automatic emotion process unlike the healthy control group. One disorder that is associated with the amygdala is depression. The major symptoms associated with depression are anxiety, low or depressed mood, decreased interest in pleasurable activities, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, lack of energy, poor concentration, appetite changes, suicidal thoughts, etc. If I were able to put my amygdala to sleep for 24 hours, my day would be tremendously impacted, my emotions would be all over the place, since they would not be regulated, my emotions would be heightened, and I would find it difficult to deal with my daily stresses. I feel like every aspect of my regular routine would be interrupted; social interactions would be difficult to understand, I might behave more aggressively than normal, my decision making abilities would be impaired and even the most simple decision such as what to eat for the day or what to get at the grocery store would be affected if my amygdala was off for the day, I would probably not choose something that is safe to eat or choose food that is not usually on my diet. My memory would also be affected, I would not be able to remember and retain the memory in my brain the way I do now. I would be too sensitive to facial expressions or words and take it as a threat to my life. Citations:  Damage to the amygdala: Functions, symptoms, & treatments . Flint Rehab. (2022, November 9). https://www.flintrehab.com/damage-to-the-amygdala/#:~:text=Different%20structures%20of%20the %20brain,reactions%2C%20and%20decision%2Dmaking .  Salzman, D. C. (2024, January 5). Amygdala . Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/amygdala  Wright, A. (n.d.). Limbic system: Amygdala (section 4, Chapter 6) neuroscience online: An electronic textbook for the Neurosciences: Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - the University of Texas Medical School at Houston . Limbic System: Amygdala (Section 4, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston. https://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/m/s4/chapter06.html#:~:text=The %20amygdala%20receives%20inputs%20from,orbital%20cortex%2C%20and%20parabrachial %20nucleus .

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