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BACKWARD CHAINING PROCEDURE BEHAVIOR SKILLS TRAINING LINDSAY WILSON SPE 562: PERSONNEL SUPERVISION OBM IN EDUCATION ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY DR. BOUTOT/BENJAMIN AUGUST 3, 2022

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE • YOU: The Registered Behavior Technician (RBT) will correctly implement backward chaining procedures for multi-step targets (i.e., handwashing or shoe-tying) across all clients with 100% fidelity.

WHAT IS BACKWARD CHAINING? • A group of behaviors in a task analysis that is taught from the last step to the first step. • We will be focusing on a participant-completion backward chaining format, where the RBT will be prompting the client through all the steps and fading the prompt on the last step in the task analysis. • Cooper et al. (2020) explains that the goal is for the client to complete the entire chain independently. • Example: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9b1lhi28m9o

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WHY SHOULD IT BE IMPLEMENTED? • Although backward chaining is still being researched, according to Kobylarz et al. (2020), when comparing participant-completion vs. trainer-completion and no-completion, the results depicted a participant-completion format was most effective. • It is important to keep in mind that one format may not fit all • Cooper et al. (2020) explains that choosing a method should be based on assessment results and with consideration of the cognitive, physical, motoric, and attention abilities of the individual.

HOW DO YOU PRESENT IT? • Providing all materials & ensuring availability (ready to use) • Removing all distractions from the teaching environment (sanitizing the environment) • Having a variety of items for potential reinforcers • Establishing client’s attention prior to presenting instructions (S D ) • Complete all steps (hand over hand) with the client except for the last step in the chain using a most to least prompting procedure (depending on assessment results – how the learner learns) • If the client responds correctly with a prompt, gradually fade to independent until independence is at criterion (i.e., 80% or high across 3 consecutive sessions), then continue the same procedure with each step in the chain • Reinforce each step that is on acquisition (the last step in the chain)

EXAMPLE 1 • You are teaching a client to tie their shoes, there is one shoe facing the client the way it would if it were on their foot. Once SD ”tie your shoe” is presented, provide hand over hand prompting until the last step and provide a verbal prompt of “pull tight” with either a continued hand over hand prompt or a less intrusive prompt. If a correct response occurs, provide reinforcement and continue to fade the prompt for the last step until an independent response is accomplished. If the client is resisting hand over hand prompting of the entire chain, you will complete all the steps except for the last step in front of the client and provide prompting for the last step only (most to least), the same procedure of fading prompts to independent is required prior to moving to the next step.

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BEST/WORST CASE SCENARIO • Ideal Situation/Best Case: The client is highly motivated for the reinforcer and attending is 100%, the RBT provided hand over hand prompting for each step except the last step for shoe-tying; the client follows along, allowing the hand over hand prompting, on the last step the RBT provides the verbal prompt “pull tight”, client completes successfully and then completes the step independently (no prompts on the last step) in the next trial. • Less Ideal/Worst Case: The client is rejecting hand over hand prompts (i.e., pulling away, hitting RBT, crying) and on the last step in the chain the RBT is not able to fade the prompts (i.e., hand over hand, partial physical, verbal, or gestural).

CHECK IN • What is the goal of backward chaining? • True or False: All clients will respond the same to a backward chaining procedure.

YOUR TURN • Practice/Role play • Gain attention prior to giving SD & make sure to have strong reinforcement available • If challenging behaviors arise, think about your client’s history; how are they with hand over hand prompting?

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SOCIAL VALIDITY SURVEY Rate the following questions as: 1: Strongly Disagree 2: Disagree. 3: Neither Agree/Disagree 4: Agree 5: Strongly Agree • This training was relevant to my current or future work • The trainer was professional and presented material clearly • The trainer provided an environment where questions were welcome • I feel confident in my ability to implement this procedure after the training • I will use this procedure in my current or future work

ANY QUESTIONS?

REFERENCES Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2020). Applied Behavior Analysis . Pearson. Kobylarz, A. M., DeBar, R. M., Reeve, K. F., & Meyer, L. S. (2020). Evaluating backward chaining methods on vocational tasks by adults with developmental disabilities. Behavioral Interventions , 35 (2), 263– 280. https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.1713

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