Research and Child Development Paper

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Research and Child Development Paper Christina Spivey Grand Canyon University PSY-355: Child and Adolescent Psychology Professor Deborah Wheeler October 29, 2023 1

Research and Child Development Paper Part 1: Developmental Milestones in Infancy According to (Santarock et al., 2022) development is a sequence of transformation that begins at conception and endures the entirety of an individual's life. The period of existence from conception through one year of life is known as infancy. Many babies can reach milestones in growth at points throughout the course of their lives. Competent babies learn milestones in development, such as their initial words, laughter, and movement (Santrock et al., 2022). They are adept at concentrating on their eyesight, discovering, and establishing contact with their environment. Babies reach benchmarks in their interpersonal, psychological, comprehensible brain function motor, and bodily growth. Through witnessing, regulating, conveying, and forming close connections with others, infants mature socially as well as emotionally (Santrock et al., 2022). Infants' interactions with others as well as the ties of affection and confidence they establish with their parents and other people are influenced by the way their parents hold, embrace, and engage with them (Santrock et al., 2022). Grinning, chuckling, being apprehensive of other people, and being parted are a few instances of psychological and social milestones attained by infants (Santrock et al., 2022). As children engage and converse with people, their ability to speak and communicate expand. Initial exposure to speech trends, sounds, and noises may impact the growth of a child (Santrock et al., 2022). Childhood language and interpersonal developments include murmuring, articulating the phrases "dada” or "mama," sobbing for various causes, and the production of cooing sounds. The method of developing recall, vocabulary, mental reasoning, and resolving issues in infants is referred to as cognitive or neural growth (Santrock et al., 2022). Early stages of mental growth include rooting, gulping, mimicking expressions on the face, and rattle waving 2

(Santrock et al., 2022). Babies strive to perfect their both their fine and gross motor capacities, equilibrium, and flexibility. Infants may raise their heads up, flip over, scoot, and run as examples of their muscular growth and activity (Santrock et al., 2022). Theories and Thinkers that Influenced Early Stages of Development The way that people acquire motor abilities was revealed by the findings of developmentalist Arnold Gesell. According to his research, he found that babies attain benchmarks in a set order and time frame for turning across, sitting, standing, crawling, and various other physical abilities (Santrock et al., 2022). Gesell reached the idea that an individual's biological blueprint or development affects how they develop motor skills after collecting additional assessments (Santrock et al., 2022). Though subsequent research revealed that the order of milestones in growth is neither as fixed as Arnold Gesell claimed, nor is it as inherited as he had explained. The theory of dynamic systems was developed by Esther Thelen. In accordance with this perspective, babies develop the motor capacity required for seeing and doing (Santrock et al., 2022). Babies need to sense something in their surroundings that encourages them to develop their muscles and use their senses to refine how they move in order to improve motor abilities (Santrock et al., 2022). A child's ambitions are expressed by their ability to move around. A young child can pick up an unfamiliar motor activity when they get inspired to accomplish something. The growth of the neural system, the physiological features of the human body and its capacity for motion, the objective the child seeks to accomplish, and the surrounding conditions that nurture the ability all influence the novel conduct (Santrock et al., 2022). According to the dynamic system theory, babies that get feelings of affection, focus, security, 3

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and support will make attempts to reach their developmental objectives. All these characteristics typically lead to babies completing all their benchmarks at the right age. Synopsis of the Three Articles The initial article used the research methods of systematic review, a kind of evaluation that medical researchers perform to synthesize all the available evidence for a particular question, and meta-analysis, a type of systematic evaluation that bases the conclusion on numerous studies (Austerberry et al., 2022). The article was entitled "Heritability of Psychological Traits and Developmental Milestones in Infancy: A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis." A substantial number of respondents must be recruited for this empirical study strategy, which focuses on using computations and data analysis to assess concepts and hypotheses. The second article used a questionnaire as an investigation instrument to gather people's self-reported views or concepts on a particular topic. It was named "Early Motor Milestones in Infancy and Later Motor Impairments: A Population-Based Data Linkage Study" (Jing Hua et al., 2022). When trying to come at the result they reached, they also employed findings, which are information collected in a controlled environment combined with documented occurrences. A qualitative study method was employed, which focused on developing concepts and constructing an idea or premise that encapsulated and investigated evidence. Every participant in this study gave their written permission to say that their identities were kept anonymous, and the data they provided remained confidential. Following the completion of the study, everyone involved were given a review regarding the goals of the inquiry as well as what they learned from examining their kids. The parents were forced to deal with dishonesty because the investigators were unable to notify their loved ones until the study concluded, though the outcome would remain unaltered. 4

The approach of experimental research was applied in article three, "Delayed Motor Milestones Achievement in Infancy Associate with Perturbations of Amino Acids and Lipid Metabolic Pathways." Organizing an investigation guarantees the findings are accurate and trustworthy, and it takes place to test a theory. A qualitative methodology was utilized for gathering and examining data to comprehend ideas and theories (Vinding et al., 2020). All parents granted their kids their written agreement to take part in this research, and all material was kept secret and undetectable (Vinding et al., 2020). The objective and results of the inquiry were made known to the families completing the study's conclusion. Examining the Ethicality of Research and Other Study Methodologies The first article, "Heritability of Psychological Traits and Developmental Milestones in Infancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," executed a moral inquiry and research by acquiring full permission from the guardians of all subjects; preserving the secrecy and privacy of all knowledge; and offering a summary to all individuals upon the conclusion of the research (Austerberry et al., 2022). The observational strategy, which entails monitoring conduct in an everyday setting while attempting to modify or manage the circumstance, could be a complementary method of investigation for this area of study. For the purposes of this study undertaking, naturalistic analysis is an appropriate alternative research method given that it may offer additional details on milestones in development in the context of nature devoid necessitating contextual modification. Since the Local Education Board and Ethics Committee endorsed the study and all parents stipulated written permission before involvement, Article 2, "Early Motor Milestones in Infancy and Later Motor Impairments: A Population-Based Data Linkage Study," carried out moral investigation and study (Jing Hua et al., 2022). Only investigators had a look at the 5

research's confidential information, which was kept covert. A case evaluation, which is an extensive thorough investigation into a person, organization, or familial relationships utilized to formulate assumptions or test existing notions of one entity, would be a substitute method of inquiry for this endeavor. Because questionnaires tend to be less trustworthy than case investigations, which enable researchers to analyze early motor developmental stages in infancy and obtain varied outcomes, are a good alternative method for this investigation. The investigation described in Article 3, "Delayed Motor Milestones Achievement in Infancy Associates with Perturbations of Amino Acids and Lipid Metabolic Pathways," had been carried out in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and the Local Ethics Committee's recommendations. Furthermore, the parents stipulated informed consent in writing beforehand to their involvement with the investigation (Vinding et al., 2020). A combination of methods involving participant feedback and a case study would be a feasible study strategy for this project. This kind of investigation approach would enable investigators to draw inferences about postponed motor development that go above those obtained through empirical studies because it is more comprehensive and can lead to additional findings. Part II After completing a little investigating, I concluded that it was fascinating that investigators and researchers are able to investigate the same topic using multiple approaches and techniques and get various predictions or outcomes. The fact that every study format and approach has benefits and drawbacks fascinated me additionally. I discovered something new: in order to guarantee that study programs adhere to all ethical norms and conventions, there are stringent rules in effect. Even with these strict criteria in place, a lot of investigation initiatives 6

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involve unforeseen or explicit prejudices that might have a small or big impact on the outcomes of the study. My comprehension of research has been improved through incorporating scholarly research into my initial studies, as it has aided me in comprehending all aspects of a reliable and legitimate project. The researchers must make sure that each subject has given their written authorization and is aware of the hazards associated with the investigation in order to conduct a precise and ethical research study. Privacy from every individual involved in the research project to protect participant data from being private and unidentified, as well as a review those involved after the research is accomplished to ensure they ought to recognize the intent and results from the investigation, are additional elements of a moral and precise study undertaking. 7

References Austerberry, C., Mateen, M., Fearon, P., & Ronald, A. (2022). Heritability of Psychological Traits and Developmental Milestones in Infancy: A Systematic Review and Meta- analysis. JAMA Network Open , 5 (8), e2227887. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.27887 Santrock, J. W., Lansford, J. E., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2022). Children (15 th ed.). McGraw Hill LLC. ISBN-13: 9781260726794 Jing Hua, Gareth J. Williams, Hua Jin, Juan Chen, Manyun Xu, Yingchun Zhou, Guixiong Gu, & Wenchong Du. (2022). Early Motor Milestones in Infancy and Later Motor Impairments: A Population-Based Data Linkage Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry , 13 . https://doi- org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.809181 Vinding, R. K., Rago, D., Kelly, R. S., Gurdeniz, G., Rasmussen, M. A., Stokholm, J., Bonnelykke, K., Litonjua, A. A., Weiss, S. T., Lasky-Su, J., Bisgaard, H., & Chawes, B. L. (2020). Delayed Motor Milestones Achievement in Infancy Associates with Perturbations of Amino Acids and Lipid Metabolic Pathways. METABOLITES , 10 (9). https://doi- org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.3390/metabo10090337 8

References American Nurses Association. (n.d.). Scope of practice . https://www.nursingworld.org/practice- policy/scope-of-practice/ American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000 Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. (2014). Improving cultural competence (HHS Publication No. 14-4849). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK248428/ Copeland, T., Henderson, B., Mayer, B., & Nicholson, S. (2013). Three different paths for tabletop gaming in school libraries. Library Trends, 61 (4), 825–835. https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.2013.0018 Holland, R. A., & Forrest, B. K. (2017). Good arguments: Making your case in writing and public speaking . Baker Academic. 9

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