Week 5 Assignment copy

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Capella University *

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7711

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Psychology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Literature Review Template Complete the following after finding your four articles. Article 1 APA-formatted reference: Kamlowsky, M. E., Wilder, D. A., Ertel, H., Hodges, A. C., Colon, N., & Domino, L. (2021). Latency-based functional analysis and treatment of elopement. Behavioral Interventions, 36 (2), 329-341. https://doi-org.library.capella.edu/10.1002/bin.1781 Dependent Variable The dependent variable in this study is elopement of three clients – Wyatt, Jacob, and Clive. Elopement was defined as any occurrence in which the client crossed the line of division in the therapy room from the area, they started in to the area adjacent from them. Independent Variable Initially a latency based functional analysis was utilized to assess the function of elopement for each Wyatt, Jacob, and Clive. The function of Wyatt’s elopement was determined to be access to tangibles, access to attention, and escape from demands. Therefore, differential reinforcement of alternative behavior plus extinction was implemented for Wyatt across all conditions (access to tangibles, access to attention, and escape from demands). The function of Jacob’s elopement was determined to be access to attention. The intervention that was implemented for Jacob was continuous noncontingent reinforcement plus extinction. Lastly, the function of Clive’s behavior was determined to be escape from demands. The intervention utilized with Clive was differential reinforcement of alternative behavior as well as extinction. Single-Subject Design An ABAB reversal was utilized to assess the effectiveness of varying function-based interventions on elopement. Each client went through a baseline phase, followed by an intervention phase. Then intervention was removed, and they went back into baseline. After the second baseline phase, intervention was implemented a second time to determine whether or not the intervention did in fact have an effect on the behavior. Data Collection Procedure and Interobserver Agreement Method Data was collected on the latency to the initial occurrence of elopement during both baseline and treatment. A timer was used to record the latency and data was logged on the computer. Some sessions were recorded to allow for interobserver agreement (IOA) to be collected at a later time. Data was summarized as the latency in seconds from the start of the session to the first occurrence. Sessions took place in a therapy room with a divider used to create two areas. 1

During the functional analysis conditions IOA was collected on Wyatt’s latency 36% of the time with a mean of 96.5%. IOA was collected on Jacob’s latency 58% of the time with a mean of 96.7%. IOA was collected on Clive’s latency 37% of the time with a mean of 100%. During treatment, IOA was collected on Wyatt’s latency during the tangible condition 59% of the time with a mean of 100%. IOA was collected on Wyatt’s latency during the attention condition 61% of the time with a mean of 100%. IOA was collected on Wyatt’s latency during the escape condition 81% of the time with a mean of 96.8%. IOA was collected on Jacob’s latency 64% of the time with a mean of 100%. IOA was collected on Clive’s latency 50% of the time with a mean of 100%. 2

Validity Internal Validity: At times, a second observer was utilized to assess treatment integrity. Treatment integrity was assessed by collecting data on reinforcement being delivered at the appropriate time. Treatment integrity across Wyatt’s tangible condition occurred 47% of the time with a mean of 100%. Treatment integrity across Wyatt’s attention condition occurred 44% of the time with a mean of 100%. Wyatt’s escape condition occurred 44% of the time with a mean of 100%. Treatment integrity across Jacob’s intervention condition occurred 76% of the time with a mean of 100%. Treatment integrity across Clive’s intervention condition occurred 50% of the time with a mean of 100%. This shows strong internal validity. External Validity: The latency-based FA was modeled after a study done by Traub and Vollmer (2019). The results mirrored the results of Traub and Vollmer (2019) which shows strong external validity for the FA condition. The intervention utilized mirrored a study done by Neidert et al., 2013). The same results were found from that study, showing that function- based interventions determined from a latency-based FA yield positive outcomes. This shows strong external validity within the intervention phases as well. Social Validity: This study did not collect data on social validity, thus limiting its social validity. Conclusions The study found the DRA plus extinction was effective for Wyatt across all three conditions: tangible, attention, and escape. When looking at Jacob’s intervention, the study also found effectiveness in utilizing continuous reinforcement and extinction. The DRA plus extinction used for Clive was found to be highly effective as well. Across all three participates baseline showed a fairly quick latency to elope. During the intervention phases for all three partcipants there was little to no elopement observed and recorded. This study showed DRA plus extinction and NCR plus extinction as effective forms of interventions to decrease elopement. Article 2 APA-formatted reference: Boyle, M. A., Bacon, M. T., Brewer, E. M., Carton, S. M., & Gaskill, L. A. (2020). Evaluating treatment without extinction for elopement maintained by access to stereotypy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 53 (3), 1531-1541. https://doi-org.library.capella.edu/10.1002/jaba.682 Dependent Variable The dependent variable in this study is elopement of Aaron. Elopement was defined as any occurrence in which Aaron moved 1.6m away from the instructor without permission. Independent Variable 3

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A latency-based FA was conducted to determine the function of Aarons’ elopement. The function of Aaron’s elopement was determined to be access to engage in stereotypy with doors. During FCT baseline sessions lasted 5 minutes. During intervention sessions, FCT was presented in the form of a vocal model prompt. The target FCT phrase was “can I open the door?” while pointing at the door he wanted to open. Contingent upon Aaron emitting the phrase, the therapist granted him 1 minute to play with the door. A prompt delay procedure was utilized to increase Aaron’s independence when using FCT to make the request. A tolerance training procedure was utilized to teach Aaron that the answer would not always be yes when he was making his request. Aaron was taught through a model to breath and say “ok” when the answer was no. 4

Single-Subject Design An ABAB design was utilized to assess the effectiveness of FCT on elopement. When baseline was conducted there was a high level of elopement. When FCT was introduced, elopement diminished to no occurrences. When FCT was pulled and there was no intervention in place, data returned to a moderate level of elopement. Once FCT was reintroduced, elopement data returned to no occurrences. Data Collection Procedure and Interobserver Agreement Method Elopement was scored using frequency and then frequency was translated to response rate. Data was summarized as the number of elopements per minute. IOA was conducted during 21% of FCT sessions and 43% of reinforcement thinning sessions. Mean IOA was 100% for both FCT and reinforcement thinning sessions. Validity Internal Validity: The study contained high levels of IOA; however, it did not take treatment integrity data, thus limiting its internal validity. External Validity: External validity was shown through replication of previous research. The study replicated and extended on a study that was conducted by Call et al. (2011). Call et al. (2011) focused on a DRO procedure and found that blocking elopement was not necessary to decrease it. This study also replicated researched conducted by Jessel et al. (2018) by focusing on decreasing elopement through the use of FCT. Social Validity: This study did not collect data on social validity, thus limiting its social validity. Conclusions This study found that FCT was a successful intervention to decrease elopement. By initially determining the function of Aaron’s elopement they were able to implement FCT that allowed him access to what he wanted to do (play with doors). Once Aaron was successfully utilizing FCT, tolerance training and reinforcement thinning were implemented to teach Aaron to cope with not always being granted access to play with the doors. This study showed FCT as an effective form of intervention to decrease elopement. Article 3 APA-formatted reference: Boyle, M. A., Keenan, G., Forck, K. L., & Curtis, K. S. (2019). Treatment of elopement without blocking with a child with autism. Behavior Modification, 43 (1), 132-145. https://doi-org.libary.capella.edu/10.1177/0145445517740871 Dependent Variable 5

The dependent variable in this study was elopement of Abby. Elopement was defined as any occurrence in which Abby moved 1m away from the therapist without permission. Independent Variable An FA was conducted to determine the function of Abby’s elopement. Elopement was summarized as responses per minute. The function of Abby’s elopement was determined to be attention. Prior to intervention, baseline was conducted. The therapist gave Abby the direction to “stay by me” which was the onset of a trial beginning. If Abby stayed with them for 75 seconds, then the trial ended and a new trial began. There was no consequence delivered for elopement across baseline or intervention. When intervention was implemented, the therapist gave Abby the direction to “stay by me and then you can run.” Once Abby met the time criteria, the therapist then said she could run. If Abby eloped before the therapist allowed her to there was no blocking. This was due to Abby’s mom requesting an intervention that did not depend on blocking her. Generalization across settings was assessed at the end of intervention. As criteria was met, the amount of time Abby was expected to wait prior to getting to run was increased. Single-Subject Design An ABAB reversal design was implemented to assess the effectiveness of the rule. Baseline was conducted without the rule in place. Then intervention was implemented with the added contingency of staying with the therapist and then allowing her to run. Intervention was then removed to assess baseline again. Upon completion of a second baseline the rule was reintroduced to assess whether or not the decrease in Abby’s elopement was correlated with the rule being implemented. Data Collection Procedure and Interobserver Agreement Method Elopement data was collected as a latency measure between the given rule and the onset of elopement. Data were then graphed as latency in seconds to elope. IOA was conducted during 33% of all sessions – 12% of all FA session and 40% of all intervention sessions. Mean IOA for all FA sessions was 100% while mean IOA for all intervention sessions was 95.9%. Validity Internal Validity: The study contained high levels of IOA; however, it did not take treatment integrity data, thus limiting its internal validity. 6

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External Validity: External validity was shown through replication of prior research conducted by Brusa and Richman (2008). However, this study was modified to exclude the consequence of blocking which was previously implemented by Brusa and Richman (2008). Social Validity: This study did not collect data on social validity; however, Abby’s mom did request a procedure that did not involve blocking. This is why the rule procedure was utilized. 7

Conclusions This study found that by implementing rules it led to rule governed behavior. In initial baseline Abby tended to elope quickly. Once the rule was established, Abby increased her ability to wait for the therapist to allow her to run and met criteria one time. When returning to baseline Abby did not maintain the ability to wait without the rule present. When implementing intervention, a second time, Abby was successful in increasing her ability to wait by meeting criteria 4 times. After meeting criteria twice there was a decrease in her ability to wait; however, criteria were lowered and more systematically increased. When generalization across settings was assessed, Abby was able to wait in both new environments. This study showed a rule as an effective form of intervention to decrease elopement. Article 4 APA-formatted reference: Falcomata, T. S., Roane, H. S., Feeney, B. J., Stephenson, K. M. (2010). Assessment and treatment of elopement maintained by access to stereotypy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 43 (3), 513-517. Dependent Variable The dependent variable in this study was elopement of John. Elopement was defined as any occurrence in which John moved away from his therapist 1.5m or more. Independent Variable Prior to implementing intervention, a baseline phase was conducted. Data was collected on John’s elopement with nothing in place. If John eloped the therapist allowed 30 seconds before they intervened and reminded him it was time to keep walking. When FCT was implemented a visual was used to allow John access to door play. If John touched the card, he was immediately given access to go play with the door for 30 seconds. After 30 seconds he was seated back at the table to continue to work. Single-Subject Design An ABAB reversal design was implemented to assess the effects of FCT on elopement. Baseline was implemented followed by FCT intervention. FCT was then removed, and data collection returned to a baseline condition. After conducting the second baseline condition, intervention was then implemented for a second time. This was done to show the correlation between FCT and decreased elopement. Data Collection Procedure and Interobserver Agreement Method Data was collected using a frequency count on a laptop. Four sessions were conducted a day, each lasting 10 minutes long. IOA was collected 38% of the sessions with a mean of 99%. 8

Validity Internal Validity: The study contained high levels of IOA; however, it did not take treatment integrity data, thus limiting its internal validity. External Validity: This study found similar results to a study completed by Fisher et al. (1998) showing that elopement was maintained by automatic reinforcement. This study extended on the study completed by Charlop, Kurtz, and Casey (1990) showing that stereotypy could be used as a reinforcer for appropriate behavior. Social Validity: This study did not collect data on social validity, thus limiting its social validity. Conclusions This study found that during the initial baseline phase there were high levels of elopement. Once intervention was introduced there was a significant decrease in elopement to virtually zero occurrences. Upon returning to baseline, elopement returned to preintervention levels. After introducing an intervention for a second time, elopement reduced to nearly zero occurrences again. This study showed FCT as an effective form of intervention to decrease elopement. 9

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