CNL 523 week 5

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Grand Canyon University *

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CNL523

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Psychology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Psychological Testing and Clinical Diagnosis PTSD PTSD According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2022), post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized by persistent, distorted cognitions about the causes or effects of a specific traumatic experience. The DSM-5 may result in a range of PTSD and other co-occurring disorder symptoms. The individual receives an accurate diagnosis and the best therapy services after having their PTSD evaluated using a variety of instruments, exams, and evaluations. An overview of PTSD, its occurrence, development, and course according to the DSM-5 are covered below. The DSM's cross-cutting symptom measure and other diagnostic instruments and evaluations will also be made public to correctly assess the patient. What is PTSD? The fifth edition of the DSM-5 divides the signs and symptoms of PTSD into four major groups. Intrusion is involved in the first system. Recurrent, uncontrollable, and bothersome recollections of the traumatic events, nightmares, flashbacks, strong or protracted psychological discomfort, or physiological responses to cues that allude to or mimic a component of the traumatic events, are all examples of the intrusion (American Psychiatric Association, 2022). This entails trying to stay away from distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings related to or 2

strongly associated with the traumatic events as well as trying to stay away from external that trigger such thoughts, feelings, or memories. The inability to recall a crucial detail of the traumatic events, persistent and exaggerated negative beliefs or expectations about oneself, others, or the world, persistent, distorted cognitions about the cause or consequences of the traumatic events, which cause the individual to place blame on themselves or others, persistent negative emotional state, and noticeably decreased interest or participation in important activities are just a few examples of this. Hypervigilance, an exaggerated startle reaction, difficulty concentrating, violent outbursts, irresponsible or self-destructive behavior, sleep disturbances, and hypervigilance are all examples. Depending on the population and area, PTSD is common. Following exposure to a traumatic experience, PTSD can manifest at any age. This can involve being personally affected by the event, seeing it happen firsthand, hearing about it from a close friend or family member, or being repeatedly or severely exposed to the traumatic aspects of the event. Symptoms typically occur within the first three months following the incident, though they can take months or even years to manifest. Although some patients recover within 6 months, the condition can advance in a variety of ways, and some people have symptoms that persist considerably longer than others. The illness can sometimes progress to chronic status . A period of acute symptoms may be followed by a prolonged period of improvement. However, exacerbations often occur in response to reminders of traumatic events, life stressors, or new traumatic experiences (American Psychiatric Association, 2022). Diagnostic Tools When examining a specific person's psychology-related data, psychological tests and evaluations are used as instruments. Then, using methods created to collect and quantify a sample of behavior, this data is measured. Tests, case studies, different types of interviews, and 3

behavioral observation are just a few of the instruments the assessment coordinator may use (Cohen et.al,2022). Individuals with PTSD frequently battle with comorbid disorders, which are two chronic conditions that coexist. In fact, in more than half of PTSD cases, mental disorders, anxiety, or substance misuse are also present. Despite the predominating symptoms, cross- cutting measures were developed to measure and assess mental health symptoms and are frequently utilized in first clinical interviews. The cross-cutting evaluation accomplishes exactly what it says on the tin; it crosses the borders of a single isolated disease, evaluates numerous domains, and assists in clinical decision-making for the patient's therapeutic treatment services (Bravo, et al., 2018). Psychological Test The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5) establishes diagnoses via a semi- structured interview. This interview is being conducted by a mental health professional who is familiar with the DSM-5 categories and diagnostic standards. Psychiatric, general medical, friend or family of mental health clients, or community individuals taking part in the mental health assessment survey are all assessed using semi-structured diagnostic interviews (Werner &Widiger,2001).The SCID is most effectively used to ensure that diagnoses are systematically evaluated, proper study population selection, accurate diagnostic data collection, and advancement of interviewing skills, particularly those with the population of people receiving mental health education (Werner &Widiger,2001). Overall, the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) has the greatest results in terms of meeting psychometric and usefulness parameters. The CAPS is a systematic interview that tries to assess the core and associated PTSD symptoms. This technique, which is used to assess the frequency and severity of specific symptoms using unambiguous, behavior-related metrics, is 4

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administered by a qualified professional, and verbally provided to the client in accordance with the DSM criteria. When measuring PTSD, CAPS is renowned for its validity and reliability (Weathers et.al,2018). Personality Assessments To learn more about a person's psychological characteristics, cognitive and behavioral style, values, specific needs, hopes, and anxieties, as well as the person's hobbies, outlooks, and sense of humor, personality assessments were created (Cohen et al., 2022). Personality tests can be a helpful diagnostic tool, but they shouldn't be the only way to make a diagnosis. Comprehensive understanding, which aids people in comprehending behaviors, ideas, and feelings, is one way it may be useful. Some personality tests are beneficial for feelings that the person is experiencing right now and do not address long-term problems. The information obtained from this type of examination is unreliable, thus it would not be useful in the diagnosis of PTSD. To investigate personality traits and assess features that relate to symptoms identified in the diagnosis of PTSD, numerous other types of personality tests may be used (Cohen et al., 2022). 5

References American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 Bravo, A. J., Villarosa-Hurlocker, M. C., Pearson, M. R., & Protective Strategies Study Team (2018). College student mental health: An evaluation of the DSM-5 self-rated Level 1 cross-cutting symptom measure. Psychological assessment , 30 (10), 1382–1389. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000628 Cohen, R. J., Schneider, W. J., & Tobin, R. M. (2022). Psychological testing and assessment: An introduction to tests and measurement (10 th ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies. ISBN-13: 9781260837025 Weathers, F. W., Bovin, M. J., Lee, D. J., Sloan, D. M., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Keane, T. M., & Marx, B. P. (2018). The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5): Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation in Military Veterans. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT , 30 (3), 383–395. https://doi- org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1037/pas0000486 Werner, P. D., & Widiger, T. A. (2001). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders: Clinician Version. The Fourteenth Mental Measurements Yearbook . 6

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