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1 Content Summary: Stereotypes, Prejudice & Discrimination Assignment Social Psychology Article Leah Wrisley Department of Psychology, Liberty University PSY 512: Social Psychology Dr. Ogburn February 4th, 2024

2 We look at certain factors that have huge impacts on people in their everyday life and one of those key factors is stereotypes. Stereotypes can be influenced by anything and anywhere, it doesn’t relate to one group of people, place, or thing. Stereotyping can occur very easily, sometimes people are unaware that they maybe be actively stereotyping and realize they made a mistake, or some people do have the intent to stereotype, and they are aware. Stereotypes can range from age, sex, culture, of course this is environmental because what we see and hear can affect our output on certain aspects of others. Correlates with relative deprivation, which is based on equalities, thoughts, and emotions. Relative deprivation can affect people differently have comparing themselves to others or thinking that “oh this person is happier because they more money than I do” or feelings such as discontent and not able to do much with their lives because of outside factors. Can lead to self-categorization and social identification issues, this is a social phenomenon that triggers health, wealth, and overall well-being of a person. People tend to stick with certain aspects they have in their lives with others that may share the same thing, we look at intergroup relations and intergroup conflict. The idea behind those two factors is prejudice, this can be seen in both groups, whether it be over status or power. Social identity and self-esteem with the younger generation starts with implications of their life already. Younger generations are still trying to figure their self out, all the while their self-esteem is based on what the outside world makes of them. Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination Stereotypes are based on age, gender, and culture, this is a linked to associations that people have in their minds. Whether it be traits, characteristics, and social class falls into that category. Prejudice falls into that category as well by people making assumptions based on social groups that others may fall into to. Whereas stereotypes concern associations or beliefs and

3 prejudice concerns feelings, discrimination concerns behaviors—specifically, negative behaviors directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group (Kassin el al 2021). All this is linked together but these factors can be used on their own, meaning you can stereotype someone without being prejudice and vice versa. As the years go by there has been a drop in stereotyping and prejudice tendencies, that’s because the world has become more inclusive than it was years ago. Modern racism, a subtle form of prejudice that tends to surface when it is safe, socially acceptable, or easy to rationalize (Kassin el al 2021). Even though the world has become more inclusive with these behaviors there is always still subtle prejudice that happens. People want to give everybody a fair chance, they don’t want to jump to conclusions, but the situation still makes people feel uncomfortable and clouded with their thoughts. People still are classified, as perceivers, we routinely sort each other into groups based on gender, race, age, and other common attributes in a process called social categorization (Kassin el al 2021). Even though there are groups but not everyone falls under the same group, people just assumed only 1 group for certain aspects of social categorization. There are several groups, and each one has its own factors. Over the years there has been groups of people trying to end prejudice and discrimination, they are called activist. These people fight for social equality and rights, some people don’t want any part of that and keep to themselves. We instead examined the possibility that individuals resist social change because they have negative stereotypes of activists, the agents of social change (Bashir el al 2013). Some activists are extreme which turns people away from the cause, in return people are not accepting of the cause and sees them has a nuisance and will associate with the people that fall under that social group. In general people want to support these activists and what they stand for, understanding which groups do what is a very important understanding to have when supporting them. Unfortunately, however, the very nature of

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4 activism leads to negative stereotyping: By aggressively promoting change and advocating unconventional practices, activists become associated with hostile militancy and unconventionality or eccentricity (Bashir el al 2013). This holds true today when people talk about peaceful protesting and violent protesting. A lot of people have negative thoughts on those two factors because people will often associate violence protest with certain social groups. Really it boils down to the cause of the protest and not the protesters, its true certain causes can be seen as militant and unconventional. Social Categorization/ Self-Esteem As people we tend to sway to certain groups and people we relate to, not only that but as people we put ourselves into certain categories and find it socially acceptable to be labeled as such. Social categorization matters because it helps us navigate a social world marked by group distinctions and hierarchies, but also because it underlies harmful social stereotypes (Chadee 2022). Social categorization is a double edge sword, one because it helps people with place themselves in the world but also harms people based on that social group. Social categorization is useful in terms of profession like doctors, lawyers, and political figures. The harmful ones are related to negative stereotypes and misinformation about that group. Salience, in this case, is the degree to which a group membership shapes social perception and behavior in each situation (Oakes, 1987), and the extent to which group members perceive themselves as like other members of their own group, and as dissimilar to members of other groups (Chadee 2022). This doesn’t only apply to age, gender, race; this applies to any type of need for someone to socially categorize themselves. Meaning hobbies, activities, music, the list goes on, if the presence and need is there for a social belonging there will always be categorization. With the younger generation it might be harder to find a group to fit into, as the world has changed and more

5 groups have formed. This falls into social identity, how does a person want to be seen in this setting. In young people music plays a prominent role in defining social identity, and so a relationship between music preference and self-esteem is expected but is yet unconfirmed by the literature (Shepherd & Sigg 2015). Music is one of the biggest categorizations and self-identity out there, music is what defines us as a person. Music lets out our thoughts and emotions that normally people wouldn’t be able to do. Music can boost one’s self-esteem by connecting them to their own desires and emotions, a lot of young people find that comforting as well as relatable. For adolescents, and young adults especially, there is often genuine and meaningful categorization of ingroups and outgroups along the lines of music preference (Shepherd & Sigg 2015). Meaning that for some who likes country music, and they go to a concert find friends that categorizes them as the ingroup because they like the same band or music style. That automatically heightens one’s self-esteem to be included in a group where you can contribute to that group and cause.

6 References Bashir, N., Lockwood, P., Chasteen, A. L., Nadolny, D., & Noyes, I. (2013). The ironic impact of activists: negative stereotypes reduce social change influence. European Journal of Social Psychology, 43(7), 614-626. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1983 Malle, B. F. (2022). Interdependence in Social Interaction. In Chadee, D (Ed), Theories in Social Psychology (2nd ed., pp 250–270). Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2019.1596058 Kassin, S., Fein, S., & Markus, H. R. (2023). Social psychology (11th ed.). Cengage Learning US. https://mbsdirect.vitalsource.com/books/9798214352909 Shepherd, D., & Sigg, N. (2015). Music Preference, Social Identity, and Self-Esteem. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 32(5), 507–514. https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2015.32.5.507

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