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ADDICTION IN ADOLESCENCE AND EARLY ADULTHOOD 1 Addiction in Adolescence and Early Adulthood Brittany Spann Department of Psychology, Houston Baptist University COUNS 5316: Human Growth and Development Dr. Mark Crear February 26, 2023

ADDICTION IN ADOLESCENCE AND EARLY ADULTHOOD 2 Addiction in Adolescence and Early Adulthood Addiction can be defined in many ways. The National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) defines addiction as “a chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences (DEA, 2022).” Addictive drugs can produce either a biological or psychological dependence for the user. A biological dependence results in the body essentially adapting to the illicit drug and no longer registering it as a foreign entity in the body. This results in the use no longer resulting in a “high” for the user. Psychological addiction to drugs results in the user relying on the drug of choice to cope with daily stress. For adolescents and those in early adulthood, this can result in the user not being able to resolve the issue that triggered the subsequent need or urge to use the illicit drug (Feldman, 2020, pp. 385- 390). During adolescence and early adulthood development, the brain is undergoing critical developmental processes. These developmental process result in the development of complex behavioral and cognitive skills. Drug use during these stages of brain growth and development can influence how these developmental stages occur and have lifelong effects on the neurobiological structure of the brain. Recent research has found that there are long-lasting effects on learning and memory processing that can result from adolescent drug use and continue to be an issue long after the period of drug use has ended (Mooney-Leber & Gould, 2018). Some research states that adolescents and early adults who experience addiction experience side effects that deprive their developing body of essential nutrients that can affect the long-term development of their brain and other organs. It is recommended that to help counteract the effects of nutrient depletion that the developing adolescent/early adult seek nutritional counseling and make healthy diet changes by incorporating food or dietary supplements that are

ADDICTION IN ADOLESCENCE AND EARLY ADULTHOOD 3 high in vitamin C, vitamin B (the full spectrum if possible), calcium, magnesium, and amino acids. It is also recommended that the adolescent/ early adult be referred to a qualified nutritionist for additional dietary monitoring (Dooley, 2022). When coping with adolescent or early adulthood addiction and resulting mental illness the caregiver can be the most influential support for resolving the triggering event/stressor of addiction. Religion can offer a familiar way to respond to stressful events such as praying or personal meditation/reflection. These familiar behaviors can result in positive coping skills that can replace the adolescent or early adults’ need to use illicit substances to cope. Religious coping can help the individual process negative events, find meaning, and develop positive or hopeful life expectations (Pearce et al., 2016). Like other non-religious coping skills that are utilized, such as problem-focused strategies, religious coping has been found to offer moderation between the relationship between stress and physical/psychological health (Pearce et al., 2016). The rates of adolescent and early adulthood drug use continue to increase as new drugs and social media influence perpetuate celebrity use and glamorizes the party/drug lifestyle. Research provides evidence that adolescent and early adulthood drug addiction is a result of poor coping skills along with a multitude of other influential factors. The resulting overall recommendation to treat adolescent and early adulthood addiction is to replace drug use with healthy lifestyle alternatives. From a religious view, this can be presented as guiding the individual’s focus back to their relationship with Christ and building their self-awareness by strengthening their use of religious teaching during times of stress in their everyday life.

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ADDICTION IN ADOLESCENCE AND EARLY ADULTHOOD 4 References DEA (2022, March 19). How Drugs Alter Brain Development and Affect Teens . Get Smart About Drugs. Retrieved February 26, 2023, from https://www.getsmartaboutdrugs.gov/consequences/how-drugs-alter-brain-development-and- affect-teens Dooley, J. (2022, July 14). How Addiction Robs Your Body of the Nutrients It Needs . Support Systems Homes. Retrieved February 26, 2023, from https://supportsystemshomes.com/how- addiction-robs-your-body-of-the-nutrients-it-needs/ Feldman, R. S. (2020). Develpment Across the Life Span (9th ed., pp. 385-390). Pearson. Mooney-Leber, S. M., & Gould, T. J. (2018). The long-term cognitive consequences of adolescent exposure to recreational drugs of abuse. Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) , 25 (9), 481–491. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.046672.117 Pearce, M. J., Medoff, D., Lawrence, R. E., & Dixon, L. (2016). Religious Coping Among Adults Caring for Family Members with Serious Mental Illness. Community Mental Health Journal , 194-202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-015-9875-3

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