Negative Stererotypes

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Feb 20, 2024

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1 Journal Article Summary Reducing Negative Stereotypes Leah Wrisley Department of Psychology, Liberty University PSY 512: Social Psychology Dr. Ogburn February 4th, 2024

2 Journal Article Summary Reducing Negative Stereotypes Introduction In the article “ Association among Doctor-Patient Communication, Trust, and Patients’ Negative Stereotypes for Healthcare Professionals during COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study”, talks about the negative impact doctors had on their patients in the year 2020 when COVID was introduced at its highest peak. While doctors and other healthcare staff was facing this new challenge so were the patients. These patients were on high alert during this time, felt as though they weren’t being taken seriously while there were tons of other patients thinking the same thing. All the healthcare facilities had the interest of the patient at heart, providing risk factors, limiting the amount of people coming, and even isolation for certain patients. Even with these factors in place patients still found a way to get their actions across by violence and stigma they thought the doctors during this time only focused on certain stereotypes. In this article they introduced the intergroup contact theory. Which felt that could limit the negative stereotypes and increase patient communication that could lead to a better outcome of patient care. It does take time to gain trust in the communication among doctors as well as trust in the institute that houses them. Doctors-patient communication is highly important and has been since COVID. Hypothesis This study was trying further to elucidate the association among doctor-patient communication, trust, and patients’ negative stereotypes for healthcare professionals during the year COVID happened. Methodology Sample/ Procedures

3 The sample was taken from January 2020 to April 2020 using cross-sectional study that was taken from 28 in China, including Beijing, Shanghai, Jaingsu, Anhui, Hunan, Xinjiang, and Guangxi, a total of 2,000 people that participated in this study. If the patients were 18 years of age or older, volunteered to participate in the study, and provided verbal informed consent, they were eligible to participate (Wang el al 20203). After participating in this study each person would receive a gift that would be randomly selected. They also used Questionnaire Star for data collection after each person had participated. Besides, the responses are administered online, allowing patients to fill out the questionnaire at their convenience and can ask the researcher questions (Wang el al 2023). That way the participants didn’t feel pressured or intimidated by being in this study. Also, they could at any given time if they did feel uncomfortable. Measures For system for the study was a questionnaire, but what was used to measure the responses was SEGUE Framework that was deployed by Makoul, which measured the patients’ ratings for healthcare professionals’ communication skills. In this scale it had 5 levels: preparation, requesting information, providing information, understanding the patient, and ending the consultation. This was basically asking the participants, did the doctor greet you? Were you treated with respect, things of that nature. All questions were scored on a five-point Likert scale (1 = “never” and 5 = “all the time”), with higher scores reflecting better patient ratings for physicians’ communication skills. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the scale was 0.878 (Wang el al 2023). For the stereotype was done with a medical questionnaire created by Ye, this was sued to measure patients stereotypes among healthcare professionals. The scale has a total of 24 items, such as “respect for life” and “professionalism,” all of which are rated on a five-point Likert scale (1 = “completely disagree” and 5 = “completely agree”), with lower scores indicating a

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4 stronger patients’ negative stereotypes for healthcare professionals. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for this scale was 0.980 (Wang el al 2023). There were two types of questionnaires that were given among the participants and each one was calculated using a rating-based system. Results The results from the 2,000 participants were the demographics of each person. The main age among these people were 35 years old. strict accordance with the statistical guidelines of psychometrics and epidemiology, the total number of valid samples recovered was 1445 (72.2%), of which the mean age of the patients was 35.9 years (SD = 11.5) (Wang el al 2023). Most of these patients/precipitants were not in the older category, which was interesting. As expected, doctor-patient communication, interpersonal trust, and institution trust were positively correlated (r = 0.36–0.67, < 0.01). The patients’ negative stereotypes for healthcare professionals were negatively correlated with doctor-patient communication, interpersonal trust, and institution trust (r = −0.36 to −0.68, < 0.01) (Wang el al 2023). As you can see by the numbers negative stereotypes are greater due to communication from the doctors during that time. The study did accomplish what it set out to do and was that by showing communication among patients and doctors the negative stereotypes will decrease. Moreover, doctor-patient communication can indirectly influence patients’ negative stereotypes through trust, suggesting that patients’ trust is an important psychological process that contributes to patients’ negative stereotypes (Wang el al 2023). This led to more interpersonal trust rather than a system trust, meaning they patients can have great communication and trust among the doctors they are seeing to help reduce negative stereotypes. Practical Significance

5 This study was very insightful because during 202o the year of COVID everybody that includes doctors, nurses, health facility were in confusion and stunned. They have never seen or dealt with something like this before in modern times. Seeing how negative stereotypes can come into play here with no doctor interaction or little interaction. The doctors were treating patients at a fast pace they probably didn’t have time to keep up, I can see the impact that year had on these people. What shocked me was that a lot of them that participated in this study were among their thirties, I was excepting more of an older generation to come forward and express their distaste in that situation. It also goes to show you with this study that younger generations are active and involved with their health and that is always a good thing. Even today there is still room for improvement when it comes to trust and communication with providers, there will always be those that are great and those that pay no mind.

6 References Yao Wang, Xiaoou Bu, Yanjiao Wang, Yawen Du, Yu Liu, Pei Wang, "Association among Doctor-Patient Communication, Trust, and Patients’ Negative Stereotypes for Healthcare Professionals during COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study", Journal of Nursing Management, vol. 2023, Article ID 5522135, 8 pages, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5522135

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