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10. 13. 14. A) Describe the research findings on twin and adoption studies looking at personality. B) What do these findings tell us about how genetics influence personality? ANS: Suggested answer: A) Research with identical twins provides insight into the role of genetics in personality. Numerous studies have shown that identical twins are more similar than nonidentical twins in personality traits described by the five-factor theory. Twins raised apart are often as similar as, or even more similar than, twins raised together. Identical twins become more alike as they grow older. Siblings and fraternal twins do not become more alike. Two children who are not biologically related but raised as siblings in the same household tend to be no more alike in personality than any two strangers randomly pulled off the street. Also, the personalities of adopted children bear no significant relationship to those of their adoptive parents. B) This evidence suggests that parenting style has much less impact than has long been assumed and that similarities in personality between biological siblings and between children and their biological parents seem to have some genetic component. DIF: Moderate OBJ: 13.3b | Understand the research showing that genetics influences personality. NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking | APA Goal 4, Communication ~ MSC: Understanding . Little Elijah is full of energy and never sits still. He loves playing with his friends and going on adventures. Luckily, he rarely gets frightened and never cries when he is exploring with friends. A) Describe the three aspects of temperament. B) Decide whether Elijah is high or low on each aspect of temperament. C) What are some long-term implications of temperament? ANS: Suggested answer: A) The three aspects of temperament are (1) activity level: the overall amount of energy and behavior we exhibit; (2) emotionality: the intensity of emotional reactions; and (3) sociability: the general tendency to affiliate with others. B) Elijah would be considered high in activity level, low on emotionality, and high on sociability. C) Early temperament appears to influence behavior and personality significantly throughout a person’s development. Studies show that those who were classified as well adjusted at three years old were less likely at age 21 to abuse alcohol or show antisocial disorders than children whose temperaments were classified as undercontrolled at age three. Additionally, inhibited children were much more likely, as adults, to be anxious, become depressed, be unemployed, have less social support, and attempt suicide. Research has also shown that children as young as six weeks old who show behavior and reactions such as being easily startled are likely to be shy. - DIF: Moderate OBJ: 13.3c | Apply temperament styles to children. NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking | APA Goal 4, Communication MSC: Applying A) Describe the reticular activating system (RAS) and its function. B) How does RAS explain extraversion/introversion? ANS: Suggested answer: A) The reticular activating system is a brain structure that affects alertness and manages the degree of arousal. It also is involved in inducing and terminating the different stages of sleep. B) Eysenck proposed that extraversion/introversion is due to different activation levels in the RAS. Every person has an optimal level of arousal at which he or she functions best. Extraverts are chronically under-aroused compared to their optimal level of arousal and thus often seek out activities to increase their arousal. Introverts are chronically overaroused compared to their optimal level of arousal and thus do not want to seek out additional arousal. DIF: Moderate OBJ: 13.3d | Understand how extraversion/introversion may be the result of brain processes. NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking | APA Goal 4, Communication ~ MSC: Understanding A) Describe what a projective measure is and provide an example. B) What approach to personality would be most likely to use this type of measure? C) What is a weakness of this type of measure? ANS: Suggested answer: A) A projective measure explores the unconscious by having people describe or tell stories about stimulus items that are ambiguous. An example of a projective measure could include the Rorschach inkblot test or the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). B) This process reveals hidden aspects of personality, such as motives, wishes, and unconscious conflicts, so is most likely to be used by psychodynamic approaches to personality. C) A weakness of these measures is that they can be too subjective and insufficiently validated. DIF: Moderate OBJ: 13.4b | Understand the four ways that personality is assessed. NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking | APA Goal 4, Communication ~ MSC: Understanding A) Explain the person/situation debate in personality. B) How does this relate to weak and strong situations? ANS: Suggested answer: AY The nerenn/sitnation dehate in nerennality refars tn the dicriksinn in resnnnes tn Michal’s flaim @ O 2

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