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r 10. The generalizability of the flight-or-fight response to stress has been questioned by researchers. Specifically, some believe that women respond to stressors in ways that are different from men. Discuss the way women respond to stressors and how this may have adaptive benefits for them. ANS: Suggested answer: Research suggests that women respond to stressors in what has been called the “tend-and-befriend” response. This is a pattern in which women reduce risks to themselves and others by protecting and caring for offspring and by forming alliances with social groups. DIF: Difficult OBJ: 10.2d MSC: Understanding NOT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 3, Ethical and Social Responsibility in a Diverse World | APA Goal 4, Communication . Describe two ways in which chronic stress can increase the risk of heart disease. ANS: Suggested answer: People with chronic stress and negative emotions often cope with these mental states by engaging in behaviors such as overeating, drinking, and smoking. These behaviors increase the risk for heart disease. Chronic stress, however, can also affect the heart over time. Specifically, chronic stress causes wear and tear on the heart because chronic stress causes overstimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. This overstimulation contributes to heart disease. DIF: Moderate OBJ: 10.3b MSC: Understanding NOT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 4, Communication . Describe Type A and Type B behavior patterns. Then, describe which behavior is linked with a greater risk of heart disease. ANS: Suggested answer: People with a Type A behavior pattern have personality traits that are characterized by competitiveness, achievement orientation, aggressiveness, hostility, restlessness, impatience, and difficulty relaxing. In contrast, people with a Type B behavior pattern are characterized by noncompetitiveness and by a relaxed, easygoing, and accommodating personality. It is the Type A behavior pattern that is linked with increased risk of heart disease. Specifically, researchers believe that the anger and hostility associated with Type A causes wear and tear on the heart. DIF: Moderate OBJ: 10.3b MSC: Understanding NOT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 4, Communication Compare and contrast the emotion-focused and problem-focused methods of coping. In your answer, discuss the possible benefits and disadvantages associated with each coping method. ANS: Suggested answer: People who use emotion-focused coping try to prevent an emotional response 1o a stressor. That is, they use strategies such as avoidance, minimizing the problem, and eating/drinking to numb emotional pain. An advantage to this strategy could be that a person is able to quickly cope with an immediate stressor. It could also be useful in terms of enabling people to continue functioning even in the midst of a very high level of stress. A disadvantage of the emotion-focused coping method is that it does not solve the problem for the long term. In contrast, people who use problem-focused coping take direct steps to confront or minimize a stressor. The problem-focused coping strategy may be useful for individuals when they perceive a stressor as moderate or controllable. However, this method may not be possible to employ when there is a high level of stress or when stressors are perceived as uncontrollable. DIF: Moderate OBJ: 10.3c MSC: Evaluating NOT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 4, Communication . Suppose you were a therapist who wanted to use positive psychology to help a client become physically and emotionally healthier. How could you use positive psychology to help your dient with these goals? ANS: Suggested answer: Positive psychologists focus on the people’s strengths and virtues and how such factors help them thrive. As a positive psychologist, I might explore a person’s faith, values, and creativity and use these virtues to help a person improve exercise routines or eating habits. As a positive psychologist, my goal would be to promote my client’s happiness and the development of a meaningful life. Accordingly, I would help the client develop lifestyle goals that in some way related to the client’s meaning of life. DIF: Difficult OBJ: 10.4a MSC: Abplving @ O 2

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