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CBS AND HEXACO BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS Student Name: Institution: Date:

Abstract Personality traits determine the psychological and social well-being of individuals hence the importance of studying them. This study was set to establish the influence of age, gender, and CBS11(the government hiding behind individuals after committing crime conspiracy) on the average HEXACO personality score. This was a non-experimental study design that involve a total of 397 respondents. The objective was tested using multiple linear regression. It was observed a joint influence of age, gender, and CBS11 on the average personality scores. Individually, gender and CBS 11 influenced substantially the personality score whereas age did not. It is therefore concluded that personality traits based on the HEXACO scale were influenced evidently by gender and the conspiracy about the government (CBS11).

Introduction Human personality by definition, is the distinct differences in characteristics patterns of behaving, feeling, and thinking. Measuring personality can be done using different means including projective techniques, rating scales, personality inventories, interviews, and observation of a person's behavior. One of the most common rating scales is the HEXACO scale. It is worth noting that personality is mainly characterized based on five broad groups which include openness, agreeableness, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and extraversion. Nevertheless, psychologists, in the early 2000s, came up with the sixth factor of personality that led to a new model referred to as HEXACO. In this new model, the new factor is honesty-humility which is a key component of moral character. While HEXACO retains most of the big five principles, it still redefines some of the factors of personality alongside adding the sixth. The redefined big component is neuroticism which corresponds to a trait factor emotionality where more components such as sentimentality are added. Besides, agreeableness which covers the condition of one's anger is also linked to neuroticism. Honesty-humility, the first factor in HEXACO which reflects on the level at which an individual encourages or discourages their personal interests above anyone else's and includes factors such as fairness, sincerity, interest, and modesty in sign and wealth status. It is through this factor that a person's moral character is defined. Its inception was therefore important considering that character serves a really vital function in humans by revealing the deepest intentions of a person towards other people. From past studies, the character is suggested to be among the first impressions that individuals attempt to gauge while sizing up other people. For instance, people may want to know the intention of a stranger among them. Generally, the HEXACO scale has a total of 60 statements designed on a Likert scale. It is

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these statements that are answered and averages acquired to determine the level of personality by an individual. The kind of response made in the HEXACO scale in the measure of personality depends upon several factors. This ranges from demographic factors such as age, gender, education level, and the social environment upon which one is brought up or stays into other psychological matters like conspiracies and beliefs. Gender has been proven to play a significant role on both the joint personality scale and the key individual variables. In a past study, females were discovered to be much warmer, more anxious, friendly, and sensitive to their feelings when compared to men[ CITATION Rob172 \l 1033 ]. In contrast, men constantly regarded themselves as more assertive beings who are open to new ideas. It was established that on average, women expressed higher personality scores in terms of openness to experience, neuroticism, and agreeableness while men scored high on the extraversion facet as well as openness to new experiences[ CITATION Yan11 \l 1033 ]. In a different study that covered 55 cultures and 17000 respondents, women were found to score more in neuroticism and agreeableness alongside conscientiousness and extraversion (gregariousness and warmth facets)[ CITATION Sco19 \l 1033 ]. Nevertheless, this was challenged on the grounds that participants rated their own personalities, and therefore, males and females differed mainly due to self-description based on societal context. While the exact effect of gender on the HEXACO personality score is not known, it is observable that it plays a significant role in personality scores[ CITATION Jar16 \l 1033 ]. Like gender, age plays a pivotal role in shaping the personality traits of an individual. Previously, it was suspected that the personalities of people were fixed during childhood. Nonetheless, a recent study revealed that the personality of an individual is in constant evolution throughout his/ her life[ CITATION Gor20 \l 1033 ]. Personality for women and men older than

thirty years, a case involving 132515 adults between 21 and 60 years, established that personality changed as one age depending on other factors such as new environment and personal experiences[ CITATION Har16 \l 1033 ]. A major theory states that genetics is responsible for the personality of a person and as such, the personality trait changes are expected to slow when other maturation functions slow. This statement, however, contradicted the assumptions that have long been held (Donnellan, 2008). A personality trait associated with discipline and at work and relationship success, conscientiousness, was established to improve as a person ages where most changes regarding the same take place while one is in the 20s. On the other hand, agreeable that's related to generosity and warmth bucked the hypothesis that after 30, there is no change in personalities[ CITATION Oli03 \l 1033 ]. The third influencer of the personality score is the level of education of an individual. As one gets more educated, there are many things he/she learns in regards to shaping character both from the curriculum and social interaction. The level of education mainly influences the openness and conscientiousness scores in which case, these variables are positively correlated to a person’s literacy level[ CITATION Cor21 \l 1033 ]. Conspiracy plays a very important role in shaping a person’s personality. By definition, conspiracy refers to the attempt to explain tragic or harmful events as a result of the actions of a small commanding group. For instance, explaining the reasons behind increased extrajudicial killings by stating that the government kills people then hides behind some individuals[ CITATION Cor21 \l 1033 ]. The level of conspiracy majorly depends on the environment people live in. An example, in this case, is a lawless country whose citizens can attribute such to the failure by the government to honor court orders[ CITATION Ash09 \l 1033 ]. The studies regarding conspiracy influence on personality have resulted in contradicting results. In one case, it was established that the belief in conspiracies has no substantial influence on the

big five personality groups[ CITATION And19 \l 1033 ]. In a different study, conspiracy beliefs were found to impact substantially the personality scores of a person. However, this was mainly dependent upon the societal belief in conspiracies[ CITATION Asb21 \l 1033 ]. While most studies have tackled the factors influencing personality scores based on the HEXACO scale, contradicting results have been established regarding the significance and effect size of influencers on the personality score. Besides, very few studies have been conducted regarding the joint and individual influence of gender, age, and conspiracy beliefs on personality score hence a research gap. This study was thus set to establish the predictive influence of age, gender, and CBS11 (the conspiracy belief that the government hides behind some individuals after committing a crime). Research Questions 1. Is there a significant effect of age on personality scores? 2. Is there a significant influence of gender on personality scores? 3. Does CBS11 significantly influence personality scores? Research Hypothesis 1. Null Hypothesis (H 0 ): Personality score is independent of age. Alternative Hypothesis (H A ): Age significantly influences personality scores. 2. Null Hypothesis (H 0 ): Personality score is independent of gender. Alternative Hypothesis (H A ): Gender significantly influences personality scores. 3. Null Hypothesis (H 0 ): Personality score is independent of CBS11. Alternative Hypothesis (H A ): CBS11 significantly influences personality scores.

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Methodology Design This is a non-experimental study design that seeks to identify the influence of gender, age, and CBS11(government's use of people to hide its criminal activities) on the average score of the HEXACO variable. Participants The study involved 397 participants between the ages of 18 and 79 years and had an average age of 26.53(SD=12.77) years. More females (n=283, 71.3%) participated in the study compared to males (n=114, 28.7%). The participants were recruited through an online link invitation and then administered with the CBS and HEXACO questionnaires. The exclusion criterion was that only undergraduate students were chosen for the study. Initially, 522 participants were randomly selected for the study. Nevertheless, only 397 participants had their data recorded being the only ones who completed the study. Materials The first material used is Qualtrics, an online data collection tool. The second tool was two questionnaires, one for HEXACO and the other for CBS statements; these were created using

Qualtrics and distributed through both social media and email platforms. The first questionnaire, the Conspiracist Belief scale contained 15 questions that measured the belief in conspiracy theories[ CITATION Bro13 \l 1033 ]. The second questionnaire, the HEXACO personality scale, contained 60 statements that measured the major dimensions of personality[ CITATION Ash09 \l 1033 ]. While age was open-ended, other questions were closed-ended in a Likert scale between 1 and 5 in which case, high scores were linked with highly positive responses towards the stated statements whereas the opposite is true for low values. The results were then reported in Excel from which, the two categories were averaged to get the average score of HEXACO and CDS. Data were then exported to SPSS where analysis was conducted. Procedure The ethical approval for the study was acquired from Northumbria University. The materials were sent using an online link and hence every participant was required to have an internet source. Each participant first received a consent form regarding the purpose of the study and possible implications. Thereafter, each participant was directed to the questionnaire for filling. Upon the completion of the questionnaire, the data were recorded in an Excel table, and then participants were provided with a debriefing form. Approximately, the process of data collection took between 15 and 30 minutes depending on the participant. Results To establish the predictive influence of gender, age, and CDS (11) on the average score of HEXACO, a multiple linear regression test was used. The first report from the analysis is the descriptive statistics score for HEXACO average and CBS as displayed in table 2. The average HEXACO was 2.99 (SD=.20) showing that most participants were neutral in their responses for

the 60 questions. In addition, the average score of CBS11 (the use of people by the government to hide criminal activities) was 3.21 (SD=1.18) which also shows that most people were neutral in regards to the statement. In terms of bivariate Pearson correlation, this was done and the results are shown in Table 1 below. Table 1. Bivariate Pearson Correlation result Correlations HEXACO(aver age) Pearson Correlation HEXACO(avera ge) 1.000 Age -.019 Gender .096 CBS11 .117 Sig. (1-tailed) HEXACO(avera ge) . Age .351 Gender .028 CBS11 .010 N HEXACO(avera ge) 397 Age 397 Gender 397 CBS11 397 From the table, there is displayed a small insignificant negative correlation between the average scores of HEXACO and age (r=-.02, p>.05). In contrast, there was displayed a small but significant positive correlation between HEXACO scores and gender (r=.10, p<.05) and CBS11 (r=.12, p<.05).

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The VIF value was 1 for the three variables showing the nonexistence of multicollinearity. From the regression results, age, gender, and CBS11 (perception regarding the government use of people to hide criminal activities) were joint significant model predictors of HEXACO scores (F (3, 393) = 3.14, p<.05) and explained 2.3% of the model variation, a dismal percentage. Individually, gender was a significant model predictor, β = 0.044; t (393) =1.98, p=0.049 showing that the perception of people regarding the dependent variable improved by 0.044 units for females compared to males. Likewise, the CBS11 variable significantly predicted the model, β = 0.021; t (393) = 2.36, p=0.019 showing that assuming other factors are kept constant, improving the CBS11 response by a unit result in a 0.021 positive rise in the HEXACO score. However, age was not a significant predictor of the model, β = 0.00; t (393) = 0.38, p>0.77. Discussion This study sought to establish the influence of gender, age, and the perception of individuals towards the use of people by the government to hide its criminal activities on the overall score of HEXACO (honesty, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience) scale scores. It was established that gender had a significant impact on the participants’ response to the HEXACO scale hence the corresponding null hypothesis was rejected. Similarly, the perception of the participants regarding the government usage of people to hide its criminal activities significantly determined the average HEXACO scores, and hence the corresponding null hypothesis was rejected. In contrast, age was not a significant model predictor and therefore, the equivalent null hypothesis was accepted. It is however imperative to note that the three variables displayed a joint influence on the response variable. The study result was compared to past works of literature. First, the study finding on gender was similar to that by Kibeom and Michael (2020) who found that in testing the personality characteristics in different

countries, then females have a substantially higher score of personality traits than males. Specifically, females scored highly in honesty-humility and emotionality relative to male counterparts. Besides, while establishing the difference in age and gender on the personality scores, Roberto et al. (2017) established that females were more likely to post their selfies, a factor that was associated with higher levels of extraversion and emotionality, hence a similar result to the one in this study. In an earlier study by Michael and Kibeom (2016) regarding the influence of age on the personality traits (HEXACO-PI-R self-reports), it was established that though to different directions, age was a significant influencer of the personality trait, a finding that is different from the one in this study. Particularly, they established that as age increased, so did the personality score in honesty and humility whereas the score in extraversion and emotionality scores reduced as one aged. In a different study, Brent and Richard (2018), established the same results on the relationship between age and personality score where the two variables were significantly associated. Particularly, they found that in addition to extraversion openness reduced substantially as one age whereas participants in the middle age had the highest level of conscientiousness. It can therefore be concluded that the insignificance of the age influence on personal trait score could have majorly been attributed to other factors such as confounders and the distribution of age, for instance, if most respondents were clogged around a single age group leaving other groups as outliers. While objected to establishing the association between the conspiracist belief score and personality scores based on the HEXACO, Robert and colleagues (2013) discovered a strong positive relationship between the average scores for the two variables. In particular, they established that those who strongly agreed to all or most of the CBS statements (15 in number) were highly likely to have the same mentality for the HEXACO statements. As well, Egorova et al. (2020) found that those who believed the government to use

people to hide its performed crime also believed had personality traits that were negative while those who were neutral also maintained the neutral score in their traits, a finding similar to the one in this study. For the joint significance, then the study result is similar to that of Derek and David (2013) who established the interaction significance for conspiracist belief scale, age, and gender on the personality traits as per HEXACO. From the above works, it is clear that, apart from the significance of age, the study resulted in finding similar ones thus proving consistency. This study is of advantage in that it provides a platform for the conduction of research, analysis, and reporting which are key for learning purposes. Nevertheless, the study was limited to the following two factors. First, the study excluded many variables influencing the personality traits based on HEXACO scales such as the level of education and the social environment from which one is brought up; this likely led to the confounding effect which could have in turn affected the general study significance. Secondly, the study, though having a wide range of age, had ages concentrated around one age group, that’s between 20 and 30 years hence it was not possible to portray the effect of age on personality traits. Therefore, I suggest a further study that will incorporate more influencers of personality traits so that an exhaustive conclusion can be made in regards to the influencers of the response variable. Besides, I recommend a further study with a well-distributed age variable so that the exact effect of age on personality can be established. In conclusion, the study found that gender, age, and CBS11(belief of people towards government usage of people to hide its evil deeds) were joint predictors of personality traits using the HEXACO scale. Likewise, the variables, except age, are evident influencers of the HEXACO scale and can be used in predicting the personality of an individual. This study finding, other than for learning, sets a background for extensive research by professionals on the main influencers of the personal scale. It can also be used by the psychological bodies to confirm the

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consistency of the already done works of literature hence arriving at the best conclusion regarding the topic.

References Andreas, G. &. (2019). A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Psychological Research on Conspiracy Beliefs: Field Characteristics, Measurement Instruments, and Associations With Personality Traits. Frontiers in Psychology, 10 . Asbjorn, D. L. (2021). Predictors of belief in conspiracy theory: The role of individual differences in schizotypal traits, paranormal beliefs, social dominance orientation, right- wing authoritarianism, and conspiracy mentality. Journal of Individual Difference, 173 . Ashton, M. &. (2009). The HEXACO-60: A short measure of the major dimensions of personality. Journal of personality, 91 (4), 340-345. Brotherton, R. F. (2013). Measuring belief in conspiracist beliefs scale: The generic conspiracist beliefs scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 4 (279). Corazzini, L. D. (2021). The influence of personality traits on university performance: Evidence from Italian freshmen students. PloS One, 16 (11). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258586 Derek, A. M. (2012). The HEXACO and five-factor models of personality in relation to RIASEC vocational interests. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81 (2), 138-149. Donnellan, M. B. (2008). Age differences in the Big Five across the life span: evidence from two national samples. Psychology and Aging, 23 (3), 558–566. doi:10.1037/a0012897 Donnellan, M. B. (2008). Age differences in the Big Five across the life span: evidence from two national samples. Psychology and Aging, 23 (3), 558-566. doi:10.1037/a0012897 Egorova et al. (2020). COVID-19: Belief in Conspiracy Theories and the Need for Quarantine. Psychology in Russia . doi:10.11621/pir.2020.0401

Gorvett, Z. (2020, March 16). Our personalities were long thought to be fixed by the time we reach our 30s, but the latest research suggests they change throughout our lives – and bring some surprising benefits. BBC . Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200313-how-your-personality-changes-as-you-age Harris, M. A. (2016). Personality stability from age 14 to age 77 years. Psychology and Aging, 31 (8), 862–874. doi:10.1037/pag0000133 Jarrett, C. (2016, October 12). Do men and women really have different personalities? BBC . Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20161011-do-men-and-women-really- have-different-personalities Kibeom, L. &. (2020). Sex Differences in HEXACO Personality Characteristics Across Countries and Ethnicities. Journal of Personality, 88 (6). doi:10.1111/jopy.12551 Michael, C. A. (2016). Age trends in HEXACO-PI-R self-reports. Journal of Research in Personality, 64 . Oliver, P. J. (2003). Personality changes for the better with age. American Psychological Association, 34 (7). Robert et al. (2017). How HEXACO Personality Traits Predict Different Selfie-Posting Behaviors among Adolescents and Young Adults. Frontiers in Psychology . doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02080 Robert, B. C. (2013). Measuring belief in conspiracy theories: the generic conspiracist beliefs scale. Frontiers in Psychology . doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00279

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Roberto et al. (2017). How HEXACO Personality Traits Predict Different Selfie-Posting Behaviors among Adolescents and Young Adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 7 . Scott, B. K. (2019, December 12). Taking Sex Differences in Personality Seriously. Scientific American . Retrieved from https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/taking- sex-differences-in-personality-seriously/ Yanna, J. W. (2011). Gender differences in personality across the ten aspects of the Big Five. Frontiers In Psychology .

Appendix Descriptive statistics GET DATA /TYPE=XLSX /FILE='C:\Users\USER\Desktop\5663545_1722584026_5481641706991.xlsx' /SHEET=name 'Raw Data' /CELLRANGE=FULL /READNAMES=ON /DATATYPEMIN PERCENTAGE=95.0 /HIDDEN IGNORE=YES. EXECUTE. DATASET NAME DataSet1 WINDOW=FRONT. FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=Age /STATISTICS=STDDEV MINIMUM MAXIMUM MEAN SKEWNESS SESKEW /ORDER=ANALYSIS. Table 2. Summary statistics FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=Gender /STATISTICS=STDDEV MINIMUM MAXIMUM MEAN SKEWNESS SESKEW /BARCHART FREQ /ORDER=ANALYSIS. Table 3. Frequency test Regression analysis

REGRESSION /DESCRIPTIVES MEAN STDDEV CORR SIG N /MISSING LISTWISE /STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R ANOVA COLLIN TOL /CRITERIA=PIN(.05) POUT(.10) /NOORIGIN /DEPENDENT HEXACOaverage /METHOD=ENTER CBS11 Age Gender. Table 4. Regression test results

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