Chapters six and eight wrap up

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Chapters six and eight wrap up The five concepts I picked from chapters six and eight include; classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning (modeling), how memory functions, and ways to enhance memory. These are the concepts I found most intriguing. Below is their definition and personal experience example. Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism learns to respond to a previously neutral stimulus by associating it with an unconditioned stimulus repeatedly (Duits et al., 2015). As a result, the conditioned stimulus elicits the same response as the unconditioned stimulus. Personal experience I remember I developed classical conditioning as a child through the fear of thunderstorms. My folks would exhibit worry and anxiety whenever there was a thunderstorm. Over time, I connected the sound of thunder with terror, and even as an adult, thunderstorms make me nervous. Operant conditioning Operant conditioning is the process of enhancing or diminishing behavior due to rewards or penalties (Schwartz & Gamzu, 2022). Punishment reduces the chance of behavior, whereas reinforcement enhances it.

Personal experience I discovered the value of studying regularly through operant conditioning in high school. My parents complimented and congratulated me if I studied consistently and received good grades. This positive reinforcement encouraged me to keep studying hard. Observational learning model Observational learning is learning new actions or knowledge through watching and copying others (Carcea & Froemke, 2019). It entails paying attention, remembering, reproducing, and being motivated to learn from a model. Personal experience I used observational learning to learn to play the guitar. I followed my older sibling's actions as he played. I learned basic chords and eventually built my skills by studying and imitating them. How Memory Functions Memory refers to the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving data. It is divided into three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory (Fell & Axmacher, 2011). Sensory memory retains sensory information briefly, short-term memory stores information temporarily, and long-term memory stores information permanently. Personal experiences I frequently employ mnemonic techniques to improve my recall when studying for examinations. To remember the order of our solar system's planets, for example, I use the mnemonic "My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Noodles," where the first letter of each word indicates a planet (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune).

Ways to enhance memory There are various methods for improving memory. Rehearsal (repeating information), chunking (organizing information into meaningful groupings), elaboration (connecting new information to previous knowledge), and retrieval practice (actively recalling information) are examples of these (Deng et al., 2010). Personal experiences I generate mental images or vivid stories related to each date to help me remember important dates. For example, to commemorate a friend's birthday on May 6th, I see a large celebration with balloons fashioned like the number 6 and a cake bearing the friend's name.

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References Carcea, I., & Froemke, R. C. (2019). Biological mechanisms for observational learning. Current Opinion in Neurobiology , 54 , 178–185. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959438818300874 Deng, W., Aimone, J. B., & Gage, F. H. (2010). New neurons and new memories: how does adult hippocampal neurogenesis affect learning and memory? Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 11 (5), 339–350. https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn2822 Duits, P., Cath, D. C., Lissek, S., Hox, J. J., Hamm, A. O., Engelhard, I. M., Van Den Hout, M. A., & Baas, J. M. P. (2015). Updated meta‐analysis of classical fear conditioning in the anxiety disorders. Depression and Anxiety , 32 (4), 239–253. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/da.22353 Fell, J., & Axmacher, N. (2011). The role of phase synchronization in memory processes. Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 12 (2), 105–118. https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn2979 Schwartz, B., & Gamzu, E. (2022). Pavlovian control of operant behavior: An analysis of autoshaping and its implications for operant conditioning. Handbook of Operant Behavior , 53–97. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003256670-4/pavlovian- control-operant-behavior-barry-schwartz-elkan-gamzu

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