Violent_Crimes-1701635609.6891491.docx656cf11f28bfd27376

pdf

School

Kenyatta University *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

Subject

Psychology

Date

Nov 24, 2024

Type

pdf

Pages

Uploaded by Kamblossi

Wright College usher BMC TTTTTT user user Document Details Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761 Submission Date Dec 4, 2023, 1:50 AM CST Download Date Dec 4, 2023, 1:51 AM CST File Name Violent_Crimes-1701635609.6891491.docx656cf11f28bfd27376.docx File Size 42.6 KB 11 Pages 2,134 Words 14,367 Characters Page 1 of 13 - Cover Page Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761 Page 1 of 13 - Cover Page Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761

How much of this submission has been generated by AI? 0% of qualifying text in this submission has been determined to be generated by AI. Caution: Percentage may not indicate academic misconduct. Review required. It is essential to understand the limitations of AI detection before making decisions about a student's work. We encourage you to learn more about Turnitin's AI detection capabilities before using the tool. Frequently Asked Questions What does the percentage mean? The percentage shown in the AI writing detection indicator and in the AI writing report is the amount of qualifying text within the submission that Turnitin's AI writing detection model determines was generated by AI. Our testing has found that there is a higher incidence of false positives when the percentage is less than 20. In order to reduce the likelihood of misinterpretation, the AI indicator will display an asterisk for percentages less than 20 to call attention to the fact that the score is less reliable. However, the final decision on whether any misconduct has occurred rests with the reviewer/instructor. They should use the percentage as a means to start a formative conversation with their student and/or use it to examine the submitted assignment in greater detail according to their school's policies. How does Turnitin's indicator address false positives? Our model only processes qualifying text in the form of long-form writing. Long-form writing means individual sentences contained in paragraphs that make up a longer piece of written work, such as an essay, a dissertation, or an article, etc. Qualifying text that has been determined to be AI-generated will be highlighted blue on the submission text. Non-qualifying text, such as bullet points, annotated bibliographies, etc., will not be processed and can create disparity between the submission highlights and the percentage shown. What does 'qualifying text' mean? Sometimes false positives (incorrectly flagging human-written text as AI-generated), can include lists without a lot of structural variation, text that literally repeats itself, or text that has been paraphrased without developing new ideas. If our indicator shows a higher amount of AI writing in such text, we advise you to take that into consideration when looking at the percentage indicated. In a longer document with a mix of authentic writing and AI generated text, it can be difficult to exactly determine where the AI writing begins and original writing ends, but our model should give you a reliable guide to start conversations with the submitting student. Disclaimer Our AI writing assessment is designed to help educators identify text that might be prepared by a generative AI tool. Our AI writing assessment may not always be accurate (it may misidentify both human and AI-generated text) so it should not be used as the sole basis for adverse actions against a student. It takes further scrutiny and human judgment in conjunction with an organization's application of its specific academic policies to determine whether any academic misconduct has occurred. Page 2 of 13 - AI Writing Overview Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761 Page 2 of 13 - AI Writing Overview Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761

. 1 Violent Crimes in Canada Student’s Name Id Course Instructor Date Page 3 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761 Page 3 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

. 2 Violent Crimes in Canada Violent crime represents a significant threat to societal welfare. In order to develop effective prevention and intervention initiatives, it is crucial to thoroughly examine and understand the various origins of violent criminal behavior. Given Canada's culturally diverse and inclusive nature, investigating the complex factors behind violent offenses is especially imperative. As Canadian demographics and social dynamics evolve over time, the necessity for research-based violence prevention continues to escalate. An examination into the root causes of brutality can enhance efforts to promote nonviolence within communities. This analysis aims to academically explore four key contributing agents to interpersonal violence that were highlighted in previous course material: personal traits, family dysfunction, evolutionary factors, and substance abuse. A comprehensive investigation into how these factors may motivate violent acts can potentially inform constructive solutions. Canada's diversity presents unique challenges in responding to violence, emphasizing the growing need for evidence-based preventative measures and rehabilitation programs. Further scholarly research focused on identifying the origins of criminal violence is required to support the development of effective strategies that foster social stability and security across all communities. A clearer understanding of violence causality can help inhibit the escalation of brutality in the country. General Statistics of Violent Crimes in Canada In 2021, police-reported over 2 million Criminal Code violations in Canada, excluding traffic offenses, representing an increase of approximately 25,500 cases relative to 2020 (Moreau, 2022). This reflects a 1% rise in the national crime rate, diverging from the 9% decline observed in the previous year (Moreau, 2022). Specifically, while the violent crime rate rose by 5% during Page 4 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761 Page 4 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761

. 3 this period, the property crime rate underwent a minor 1% decrease (Moreau, 2022). However, the Crime Severity Index, which accounts for both the prevalence and severity of reported offenses, remained relatively stable at 73.7 in 2021 compared to 73.9 in 2020 (Moreau, 2022). Further analysis of violent crime data in major Canadian cities shows alarming escalations. Vancouver recorded 4,739 violent crime incidents in 2022, the highest annual count in over a decade, surpassing the prior record set in 2013 (Government of Canada, 2023). Detailed examination of figures over recent years illuminates a downward trajectory in violent offenses from 2014-2016, followed by steady increases up to the unprecedented peak in 2022 (Government of Canada, 2023). These trends signify deeply concerning violence elevations in major urban centers. Additionally, the national Violent Crime Severity Index grew by 5% in 2021, primarily attributed to a sizeable 18% surge in Level 1 sexual assaults (Moreau, 2022). Across Canada, 788 homicides were reported, a 3% increase over the previous year, with the national homicide rate climbing from 2.00 per 100,000 residents in 2020 to 2.06 in 2021(Moreau, 2022). Similarly, Vancouver's figures showcase a persistent escalation in violent crime since 2019, hitting its highest point in 2022 with the city's Violent Crime Severity Index reaching its highest level since 2007 (Government of Canada, 2023). This spike included increased rates of robbery (+15%), extortion (+39%), homicide (+8%), and Level 1 sexual assault (+3%) (Government of Canada, 2023). These statistical patterns at both the national and Vancouver levels serve as a critical foundation for a more in-depth exploration of the underlying root causes behind the surge in violent crime. Roots of Violent Crimes An individual's personal traits, which encompass the stability of their patterns of thinking, feeling, and behavior, are a key aspect in understanding the origins of violent conduct. Page 5 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761 Page 5 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761

. 4 These traits manifest in four main combinations: high control-high affiliation, low control-low affiliation, high control-low affiliation, and low control-high affiliation. Aggression, closely tied to violent crime, extends beyond physical violence to include actions meant to harm people, animals, or property. Neuroticism, one such trait, has been significantly linked to aggression, with studies showing a positive correlation between neuroticism and aggressive actions (Jiang et al., 2022). People with high neuroticism experience negative emotions intensely, potentially fostering aggressive tendencies. In contrast, agreeableness demonstrates a negative relationship with aggression since highly agreeable people tend to be cooperative and avoid conflict, making violence less likely. Statistics further reinforce the connection between personality and violence: Salters (2019) found heightened rates of certain disorders, especially borderline personality disorder, among both male and female violence perpetrators. However, a diagnosis alone does not necessarily indicate an increased risk for violence. Moreover, a study by Tharshini et al. (2021) on violent offenders with substance abuse issues found distinctive traits characterized by high neuroticism, low agreeableness, and low conscientiousness. This connection of traits highlights the complex nature of violent behavior. While understanding personal characteristics is key to unraveling the origins of violence, it is critical to recognize that they are just one element within a wide range of contributing factors. As such, in exploring personality traits as a root cause of violent crime, this perspective can inform targeted prevention and intervention approaches that acknowledge the combination of factors collectively shaping violent behavior. Substance abuse is a major root cause of violent crime, influencing the likelihood of criminal involvement, especially violent offenses. The use of substances like alcohol, heroin, and cocaine markedly increases the risk of engaging in criminal activities, with heightened susceptibility to violence (Zhong et al., 2020). The connection between substance use and Page 6 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761 Page 6 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

. 5 violence is characterized by various factors, including exposure to violence, co-occurring mental disorders, and social determinants (Murphy, 2022). Statistics by the Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction highlight the strong association between substance abuse and committing violent crimes, with over 40% of violent crimes being attributed to substance abuse (Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction, 2021). Addressing substance abuse is crucial for curbing violent crime incidence and mitigating associated social and economic costs (Vitelli, 2018). Ineffective families, characterized by inconsistent parenting, familial problems, and added stressors, significantly contribute to the development of violent tendencies in individuals. Children raised in such settings face heightened risks of engaging in criminal activities in their youth and adulthood. Mwangangi (2019) highlights the link between adverse childhood family psychosocial factors and the genesis of criminal conduct in children. Parents who instill antisocial perspectives and behaviors in kids can perpetuate those attitudes into adulthood. This connection is supported by Frisell et al. (2010), who found a pronounced aggregation of interpersonal violence among first-degree relatives. These findings prove that dysfunctional family settings' have a substantial impact on violent crime prevalence. Because families critically shape individual behaviors, initiatives promoting effective family structures may prove instrumental in disrupting violence cycles and decreasing violent crime rates in communities. Evolutionary factors and human instinct play a major role in violent crime. The field of evolutionary psychology offers valuable insight into the origins of violence (Gottschalk & Ellis, 2009). It suggests humans have an evolutionary history of violence, where violence served as a context-dependent strategy that may have benefitted ancestors in certain situations (Goetz, 2010). For example, aggression in animals facilitates obtaining food, competing for mates, and Page 7 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761 Page 7 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761

. 6 protecting territory (Gottschalk & Ellis, 2009). Natural selection favored these aggressive behaviors because they enabled the reproduction of genes in violent animals (Gottschalk & Ellis, 2009). Genetic predisposition is another key factor as shown in a study by Hogenboom (2014) in which genetic analysis of 900 offenders revealed two genes linked to repeat violent crime. Those with the genes were 13 times more likely to have a history of recurrent violence further demonstrating the evolutionary underpinnings of violent crime (Hogenboom, 2014). Solutions Tackling violent conduct linked to individual traits necessitates a multifaceted approach combining psychological help, education, and community backing. Implementing targeted counseling programs for people with high neuroticism or certain personality disorders can enable self-awareness and emotion control. Educational efforts centered on social-emotional learning in schools can nurture positive character and conflict resolution, building agreeableness and reducing violent tendencies (Brown et al., 2017). Specifically, counseling programs focused on cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, and schema therapy have shown efficacy in treating maladaptive personality patterns underlying aggression and violence. Incorporating social-emotional educational modules on empathy, impulse control, and anger management as early as elementary school can help shape neural pathways to reinforce positive behavior. Community backing can provide mentorship programs through nonprofits and faith- based organizations to model nonviolent conflict resolution and meaningfully channel aggressive tendencies into sports, activism, and art. A collaborative approach is key, as each component reinforces the others to promote systemic change. To mitigate evolutionary and instinctual drivers of violence, a targeted intervention approach can be implemented, integrating education, genetic counseling, and community Page 8 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761 Page 8 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761

. 7 engagement. Educational programs incorporating evolutionary psychology concepts can raise awareness of aggression's evolutionary origins, promoting self-understanding and emotion regulation (Brown et al., 2017). Genetic counseling services can identify people prone to violence through genetic screening, focusing especially on genes like MAOA and CDH13 tied to repeat offenses. Early detection enables proactive support, counseling, and guidance for at-risk individuals, emphasizing responsible choices and conflict resolution. Community initiatives like support groups and awareness campaigns can further disrupt violence cycles by building a sense of collective duty and tackling factors underlying aggression. On the other hand, violence arising from dysfunctional families requires focused efforts to improve family dynamics and positive parenting. Comprehensive family counseling programs, accessible to both parents and children, can provide support to address issues fueling family problems and poor parenting (Brown et al., 2017). Furthermore, community-based services offering resources like parenting workshops, mentoring, and mental health aid can also bolster families facing adversity. Effectively addressing violent crime rooted in substance abuse requires a comprehensive approach including prevention, treatment, and community support. Widespread public awareness campaigns educating people on the risks of addiction, particularly the increased likelihood of violence, can serve as a preventative measure. Enhancing access to evidence-based treatment programs and rehab services is also critical to ensure those struggling with addiction receive adequate support to break cycles of substance-fueled violence (Brown et al., 2017). Additionally, policy interventions emphasizing rehabilitation rather than incarceration for nonviolent drug offenses can redirect individuals toward treatment instead of perpetuating substance-related crime patterns. Page 9 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761 Page 9 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

. 8 Conclusion Confronting the complex issue of violence in Canada requires a thorough investigation of its multifaceted origins. Detailed analysis of statistics and patterns points to four key drivers: individual personality traits, human evolutionary history, dysfunctional family environments, and substance addiction. Targeted solutions must address the root causes of the problem by addressing the specific contributory factors. Case in point, transforming maladaptive traits demands psychological counseling, educational programs focused on socioemotional skills, and community support systems to nurture conflict resolution abilities. On the other hand, the means of overcoming evolutionary predispositions begins with exercising greater public awareness, genetic screening, and responsible decision-making around inherent aggressive impulses. It is also important to reinforce family bonds through reliance on accessible family therapy, parenting education, community services, and skill-building to establish stability. Finally, curbing addiction-fueled crimes needs comprehensive models emphasizing rehabilitation through public awareness campaigns, evidence-based treatment, alternative sentencing policies, and community reintegration programs. While distinct in nature, these multifaceted solutions have potential, if enacted collectively, to disrupt systemic cycles of violence. Page 10 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761 Page 10 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761

. 9 References Brown, G. P., Hoffman, R., & Siegel, L. J. (2017). CRIM: Introduction to Criminology,. Nelson Education. Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. (2021). Proportion of Crimes Associated with Substance Use . Publications.gc.ca. https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2021/scc-csc/PS84-188-2021-eng.pdf Frisell, T., Lichtenstein, P., & Långström, N. (2010). Violent crime runs in families: a total population study of 12.5 million individuals. Psychological Medicine , 41 (1), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710000462 Gabbey, A. E., & Raypole, C. (2013). Aggressive Behavior | Definition & Patient Education . Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/aggressive-behavior Goetz, A. T. (2010). The evolutionary psychology of violence. Psicothema , 22 (1), 15–21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20100422/ Gottschalk, M., & Ellis, G. (2009). Evolutionary and Genetic Explanations of Violent Crime. In Cause of Crime . Sage Publications. https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm- binaries/26264_4sc.pdf Government of Canada, S. C. (2023, July 27). The Daily — Police-reported crime statistics in Canada, 2022 . Www150.Statcan.gc.ca. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily- quotidien/230727/dq230727b-eng.htm Hogenboom, M. (2014, October 28). Two genes linked with violent crime. BBC News . https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29760212 Page 11 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761 Page 11 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761

. 10 Jiang, X., Li, X., Dong, X., & Wang, L. (2022). How the Big Five personality traits related to aggression from perspectives of the benign and malicious envy. BMC Psychology , 10 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00906-5 Moreau, G. (2022, August 2). Police-reported crime statistics in Canada, 2021 . Www150.Statcan.gc.ca. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002- x/2022001/article/00013-eng.htm Murphy, E. (2022, June 15). Alcohol, Drugs and Crime: What’s the connection? | recovered.org . Recovered. https://recovered.org/addiction/alcohol-drugs-and-crime Mwangangi, R. K. (2019). The Role of Family in Dealing with Juvenile Delinquency. Open Journal of Social Sciences , 7 (3), 52–63. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2019.73004 Salters, K. (2019). Is There a Prevalence of Violence With Borderline Personality? (A. Morin, Ed.). Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/borderline-personality-and- violence-425192 Tharshini, N. K., Ibrahim, F., Kamaluddin, M. R., Rathakrishnan, B., & Nasir, N. C. M. (2021). The Link between Individual Personality Traits and Criminality: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 18 (16), 8663. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168663 Vitelli, R. (2018). How Are Substance Abuse and Violence Related? Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/media-spotlight/201803/how-are-substance- abuse-and-violence-related Zhong, S., Yu, R., & Fazel, S. (2020). Drug Use Disorders and Violence: Associations With Individual Drug Categories. Epidemiologic Reviews , 42 (1). Page 12 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761 Page 12 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

. 11 Page 13 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761 Page 13 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2771739761

Violent_Crimes-1701635609.6891491.docx656cf11f28bfd27376

Related Documents