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Introduction/Background • The importance of studying the association between narcissism and social media is the ever-increasing use of social media in the current times. • Most literature considers the relationship between narcissism and social media negatively. • For instance, Bradley et al. (2018) consider the role of social media in promoting self- interest. • McCain (2018) also found that time spent on social media varies among individuals with an increased narcissistic behavior among social media users. • Little research has been put in place to consider the positive angle of the relationship between Social media and narcissism. • This research assumes a positive relationship between social media use and narcissism. • As a result, narcissism is not seen as a negative attribute but instead one that can influence a person's self-esteem. Hypotheses/Predictions • People in the high narcissism group spend more time on social media making posts about themselves than those in the low narcissism group • Those in the low narcissism group will post more on social media outlets about articles, videos, and current events than those high in narcissism. Method Participants • The experiment adopted a sample of 100 participants • They were from the liberal arts college with a mean age of 20.45 and a standard deviation of 1.34.

• They were of varied races and thus aided in overcoming the social issue of racial discrimination. • 35 were whites, 30 African Americans, 32 Asians, and 3 others of more than one race. • They were recruited through referrals from the students who had gone through the experiment consent forms. • The participants were not compensated as they had volunteered to assist in the experiment. Materials • The MMPI-II questionnaire acted as a narcissism scale that subjected the participants to the two narcissism groups; high narcissists and low narcissists. • The Social media questionnaire provided the number of posts attributed by the individuals daily on Facebook and Twitter. Procedure • The participants were provided with a consent form to sign to ascertain their participation. • The demographic of the participants were filled • The MMPI encompassed a clinical scale that ranged from scale 1 to scale 10. Participant determined the scale which defined their level of narcissism. • The social media questionnaire determined the extent of media use using a Likert scale which determined the extent of use from extremely poor usage (1) to extremely high usage (5) Results

As predicted, those who were low in narcissism had significantly more posts about articles, videos, and current events on Facebook t (98) = 3.58, p <.05 and Twitter t (98) = 5.23, p<05 than those high in narcissism High Low 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Posts About Articles, Videos and Current Events (Facebook) Posts About Articles, Videos and Current Events (Twitter) Posts Rating Figure 1: Posts about Articles, videos and Current Events on Facebook and Twitter Also, as predicted, those who were high in narcissism posted more information about themselves on Facebook t (98) = 4.42, p <.05 and Twitter t (98) = 5.12, p <.05 than those low in narcissism High Low 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Posts about Oneself (Facebook) Posts About Oneself (Twitter) Posts Rating

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Figure 2: Posts about Oneself on Facebook and Twitter Discussion • Those in the high narcissism group spent more time on social media each day and made more posts about themselves across social media platforms. • These results are consistent with those of McCain (2018), who concluded that the time spent on social media varies among individuals with an increased narcissistic behavior among social media users. • On the contrary, Barry et al. (2017), in their study, found no association between narcissism and posting of selfies, suggesting that, among young people, this may be simply a form of communicating with others through social media. • Those who were low in narcissism had significantly more posts about articles, videos, and current events on Facebook and Twitter than those high in narcissism. • Not all research has found an association between social media use and narcissism (Frederick and Zhang, 2019). • Some people mainly use social media to share and exchange information, especially on current or critical events (Kapoor et al., 2018). • One limitation of the study was the reliance on self-reports to collect data about narcissism and social media use. • Assessing narcissism is paramount because it clarifies how certain habits can be beneficial or dangerous to individuals. • The current research found a positive association between social media usage and narcissism. • The findings of this research contribute to the literature on narcissism and social media usage.

• Further research should be done using a large sample to enhance the study's generalizability. • Further research should assess posts on other social media platforms like Snapchat and Instagram.

References Barry, C. T., Doucette, H., Loflin, D. C., Rivera-Hudson, N., & Herrington, L. L. (2017). "Let me take a selfie": Associations between self-photography, narcissism, and self- esteem. Psychology of popular media culture , 6 (1), 48. Bradley, S. W., Roberts, J. A., & Bradley, P. W. (2019). Experimental evidence of observed social media status cues on perceived likability. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8 (1), 41–51. https:// doi-org.holyfamily.idm.oclc.org/10.1037/ppm0000164 Biolcati, R., & Passini, S. (2018). Narcissism and self-esteem: Different motivations for selfie posting behaviors. Cogent Psychology , 5 (1), 1437012. Frederick, C. M., & Zhang, T. (2019). Narcissism and Social Media Usage: Is There No Longer a Relationship?. Journal of Articles in Support of the Null Hypothesis , 16 (1), 23. Kapoor, K. K., Tamilmani, K., Rana, N. P., Patil, P., Dwivedi, Y. K., & Nerur, S. (2018). Advances in social media research: Past, present and future. Information Systems Frontiers , 20 (3), 531-558. McCain, J. L., & Campbell, W. K. (2018). Narcissism and social media use: A meta-analytic review. Psychology of Popular Media Culture , 7 (3), 308–327. https://doi- org.holyfamily.idm.oclc.org/10.1037/ppm0000137

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