Running head: THEORIES CHART 1 Theories Chart Assignment Lauren M. Rogers Liberty University Author Note Lauren Rogers I have no known conflict of interest to disclose. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Lauren Rogers. Email: lmrogers4@liberty.edu

THEORIES CHART 2 Theoretical Approach Found er and date founde d Counselor ’s Role (2) Client’s Role (2) Key Concepts (2) Therapeuti c Techniques (2) Multicultu ral Strengths and Shortcomi ngs (2) Limitation s (2) Research (1) Psychoanal ytic Sigmu nd Freud late 1890’s (Tan, 2011) According to Tan (2011), the role of the counselor is characteriz ed by passivity and is intended to retain impartialit y in the presence of anonymity. According to Tan (2011), a blank screen is employed to facilitate the developme In order for psychoanal ysis to yield successful outcomes, it is imperative for clients to have a long-term commitmen t to the therapeutic relationship . The client is required to actively participate in the process of free association, wherein they are The components of the personality are the id, ego, and superego.The concept of the id can be understood as the pleasure principle, wherein it seeks immediate gratification and strives to avoid any form of discomfort or pain. The id represents the primary unconscious aspect of one's identity, primarily focused on the According to Tan (2011), The analysis of transference facilitates the client in gaining a more comprehens ive comprehens ion of their previous experiences and the potential ongoing impact and influence they may have on present relationship s and situations. Strength-  According to Corey (2017), one of the notable strengths of this approach is its adaptability to cater to the diverse needs of individuals from different cultural backgrounds. According to Corey (2017), in the course of the therapeutic process, it is recommended that counselors engage in introspection regarding their According to Corey (2017), there is a greater emphasis on long- term personality rehabilitatio n rather than on day-to-day living difficulties. According to Tan (2011), the cost of managed care is prohibitive for intense, long-term therapy due According to Hirsch (2021), in my perspective, psychoanalys is stands as a comprehen sive approach with the highest potential for facilitating enduring human growth and enrichment.

THEORIES CHART 4 parental figures and societal norms, which contribute to the adoption of specific values and ethics. Transference refers to the psychological phenomenon in which individuals unconsciously project their emotional experiences and feelings onto another person. According to the study conducted by Simmons et al. (2019), countertransfer ence refers to the emotional reaction experienced by a counselor towards their client, which facilitate the client's resolution of these obstacles and enhance their understandi ng of unconscious issues, repressed emotions, memories, or past encounters.

THEORIES CHART 5 arises from the counselor's own underlying issues. Theoretic al Approac h Found er and date founde d Counselor’s Role (2) Client’s Role (2) Key Concepts (2) Therapeuti c Techniques (2) Multicultu ral Strengths and Shortcomi ngs (2) Limitations (2) Research (1) Adlerian Alfred Adler 1914 (Tan, 2017) Therapists often engage in the process of identifying and addressing key cognitive and value- related distortions, such as distrust, self- centeredness, too ambitious goals, and low self- assurance (Corey, 2017). Accordin g to Corey (2017), the clients prioritize their desired objectives and adopt a resilient lifestyle as a novel framewor k for taking action. Accordin g to Tan According to Corey (2017), clients engage in the process of examining their own reasoning, including the underlying assumptions and viewpoints that form the basis of their decision- making. According to Corey (2017), establishing a friendship characterize d by mutual respect. According to Corey (2017), According to Corey (2017), the present study intends to conduct a comprehensi Strengths- The primary focus of this approach lies in the examination of the individual's interactions and experiences within a broader social context. According to Corey (2017), clients are advised to establish their identity within their social contexts and to According to Tan (2011), Adler's development and explication of his theoretical conceptions and therapeutic procedures lacked systematicity and comprehensiven ess. According to Tan (2011), the Adlerian therapeutic approach can be According to Ansbacher (1992), Adler's notion of communal feeling holds particular relevance to the challenges associated with aging and mortality, as well as to the contempora

THEORIES CHART 7 urgent assistance in managing challenges and pressures, such as those related to poverty, unemployment, or violence. According to Corey (2017), the Adlerian theory may provide certain drawbacks for clients originating from cultures that do not place significant significance on childhood experiences, early memories, family experiences, and dreams. Theoretic Found Counselor’ Client’s Key Therapeuti Multicultur Limitations Research (1)

THEORIES CHART 8 al Approac h er and date founde d s Role (2) Role (2) Concepts (2) c Techniques (2) al Strengths and Shortcomin gs (2) (2) Existenti al Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, Irvin Yalom, James Bugent al 1940’s to 1950’s (Tan, 2011) According to the study conducted by Simmons et al. (2019), . The primary goal of the existential counselor is to deeply comprehend the client's subjective reality and utilize the therapeutic alliance as a means to facilitate transformati ve processes, all within the context of the According to Tan (2011), clients experience an enhanced level of self- awareness. According to Tan (2011), According to Tan (2011), Clients will experience a sense of empowerme nt and freedom from the role of victimhood in their personal Simmons et al. (2019), existential therapy is based on the fundamenta l principle that individuals possess autonomy and are therefore responsible for their own decisions and behaviors. According to Simmons et al. (2019), this analysis delves into According to Tan (2011), the topic of discussion pertains to the therapist's identity and their utilization of self within the authentic therapeutic exchange between the therapist and the client, as well as the fundamenta l techniques employed in existential therapy. Strengths- According to Tan (2011), the approach demonstrates a genuine concern for the individual and opposes any dehumanizin g practices that objectify human beings. According to Tan (2011), the existential therapist assumes the role of a wounded healer, openly acknowledgin According to Corey (2017), existential psychotherap y often faces criticism due to its perceived deficiency in providing a comprehensi ve explication of its methodologi es and theoretical constructs. According to Tan (2011), due to the absence of a specific therapeutic framework Ratanashevorn and Brown (2021), drawing upon the fundamental principles of existentialism, particularly the significance placed on solitude and the phenomenologi cal dimension of this philosophical framework, it becomes evident that this theoretical perspective is very suitable for examining and addressing feelings of isolation

THEORIES CHART 10 may exhibit a level of confrontation al behavior that exceeds what is deemed necessary or advantageous for clients who possess a fragile disposition. These clients may lack the capacity to effectively manage such confrontation s, even if they are characterized by authenticity. According to Tan (2011), engag ing in genuine confrontation of an inappropriate

THEORIES CHART 11 nature has the potential to cause harm to certain individuals. Theoretic al Approac h Found er and date founde d Counselor’ s Role (2) Client’s Role (2) Key Concepts (2) Therapeutic Techniques (2) Multicultur al Strengths and Shortcomin gs (2) Limitations (2) Research (1) Person- Centered Therapy Carl Rogers 1940’s According to Tan (2011), the therapist demonstrat es an unwavering acceptance and support for the client, regardless of their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. According According to Tan (2011), in the therapeutic process, it is advisable for the client to assume an active role and exercise agency by independentl y determining their individual goals, direction, According to Rogers, individuals are believed to possess an inherent inclination towards self- actualization , which refers to their ability for self- awareness and problem- solving. (Simmons et According to Rogers, a prominent figure in person- centered therapy, the process of facilitating positive change in clients can be achieved through the utilization of a mere six essential elements. Strengths-  According to Tan (2011), person- centered therapy is particularly advantageous for clients who necessitate an environment that provides them with ample room for self- exploration, The prioritizatio n of the therapist's individual qualities and the expectation for the therapist to exhibit the fundamental therapeutic conditions provide a significant challenge for any According to Kim (2018), one may make the argument that the applicability of the person- centered approach extends beyond the confines of Western cultural environments. In alternative terms, the

THEORIES CHART 13 client's internal frame of reference, and effectively conveying this alignment to the client. The final criterion pertains to the therapist effectively conveying their comprehensi on and respect for the client in a manner that the client may perceive and personally encounter. (Tan, 2011) According to Tan (2011), traditional person- European countries, Latin American nations, and Japan. Shortcoming s- According to Tan (2011), the individualisti c nature of person- centered therapy often fails to adequately consider the significance of other elements, such as social, cultural, political, economic, and biological characteristic s, that may approach, such as existential therapy, vehemently rejects any therapeutic endeavor that seeks to diminish the client's humanity or diminish their significance. This implies that the approach does not prioritize therapy approaches, formal diagnosis, or psychologic al testing and assessment of the client.

THEORIES CHART 14 centered therapy is characterize d by the absence of specific techniques. However, the therapeutic approach of the person- centered therapist can be delineated into three primary techniques: the experience and expression of congruence, the experience and expression of unconditiona l positive regard, and play a role in the development of psychopathol ogy and individual variations. According to Tan (2011), the focus on self- actualization and the importance placed on self- autonomy within person- centered therapy might provide challenges when applied in a cross- cultural setting. From a multicultural perspective, this approach

THEORIES CHART 16 such as "shoulds," "oughts," and "musts" that have infiltrated their cognitive processes. The therapist challenges clients' irrational beliefs and motivates them to engage in activities that can challenge their self- defeating attitudes, replacing rigid "musts" with more flexible preference s. Corey, ts, they demonstra te an increased proficienc y in avoiding irrational thought patterns and disruption s in emotional and behavioral functionin g. According to Corey (2017), clients gain access to effective tools for challengin g self- defeating thoughts through carefully of an activating event or a challenging circumstance , as well as an individual's perception or belief on this event. The variable denoted as C represents the emotional and behavioral outcomes or responses exhibited by an individual. These responses might have either positive or negative effects. The occurrence of A (the triggering criticizing clients' irrational views and instructing them on how to independent ly engage in this process. According to Corey (2017), clients engage in debates over some "mandatory, " "definitive," or "obligatory" propositions , persisting until they no longer maintain belief in the illogical concept, or until its persuasiven ess with a broad spectrum of clients. According to Corey (2017), cognitive behavior therapy and multicultural therapy exhibit a high degree of compatibility due to their shared fundamental principles, which facilitate their integration. Shortcomings - According to Corey (2017), the importance of interdependen ce for promoting sound mental aforementio ned concept could potentially stem from the historical context that these therapeutic approaches were initially developed to assist individuals who were already undergoing significant emotional arousal. When clients experience a substantial level of depression or anxiety, it is more efficacious to prioritize the examination of the within primary care settings to effectively cope with distress and its related symptoms. The results of the study indicate that individuals who had cognitive- behavioral therapy (CBT) exhibited greater improveme nts compared to those who underwent enhanced usual care (EUC) in relation to the severity of concern,

THEORIES CHART 17 2017) According to Corey (2017), The subsequen t step for the therapist is confrontin g the client's fundament al flawed cognition and instructing them on the process of substitutin g irrational ideas and self- destructiv e patterns with rational beliefs and prepared and mutually agreed upon projects. These assignmen ts are specificall y designed to encourage clients to engage in positive actions that foster emotional and attitudinal growth. event) does not lead to the manifestatio n of C (the emotional consequence ). However, it is mostly an individual's belief (referred to as B) regarding A that plays a significant role in eliciting the emotional response (referred to as C). Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is based on the premise that throughout our diminishes. According to Tan (2011), collaborativ e empiricism refers to the approach employed by Aaron Beck, the creator of Cognitive Therapy (CT), in which he engages with clients in a collaborativ e and respectful manner. health is recognized in numerous cultural contexts. Clients who have deeply ingrained cultural values of dependence may not respond favorably to assertive methods of persuasion aimed at promoting independence. According to Corey (2017), the primary emphasis of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) lies in the present moment, perhaps resulting in the therapist interplay between belief systems and behavioral patterns, rather than only addressing the emotions per se. symptoms of depression, and general mental well-being.

THEORIES CHART 19 beliefs. Consequentl y, instead of being solely attributed to parental reiteration, the perpetuation of dysfunctiona l attitudes primarily stems from our own internalizatio n and perpetuation of early- indoctrinated irrational views. (Corey, 2017) Theoretic al Approac h Found er and date founde d Counselor’s Role (2) Client’s Role (2) Key Concepts (2) Therapeutic Techniques (2) Multicultu ral Strengths and Shortcomi ngs (2) Limitations (2) Research (1)

THEORIES CHART 20 Choice/ Reality Theory Willia m Glasser 1960’s (Tan, 2011) According to Corey (2017), the primary aim of the reality therapist is to encourage clients to engage in self- reflection and critically assess their own actions, rather than assuming the role of evaluator on their behalf. Clients collaborate with reality therapists in order to evaluate their own behavioral orientation, particular undertakings, desires, perspectives, degree of According to Corey (2017), the clients proceed to make their selection regarding the aspects they wish to modify, and subsequently develop a strategic plan to facilitate the implementati on of these desired changes. The outcomes include enhanced interpersonal interactions, increased satisfaction, and a heightened perception of personal agency. According to choice theory, it is posited that individuals are not inherently born as blank slates, passively influenced by external influences in their surrounding environment. In contrast, individuals possess five inherent wants that are genetically predetermine d and serve as guiding principles throughout their lifespan: survival, love and belonging, The WDEP approach is a valuable tool for assisting clients in exploring their aspirations, prospective activities, self- assessment possibilities, and plans for personal growth (Wubbolding , 2011, 2016, 2017). The WDEP technique, derived from choice theory, facilitates individuals in fulfilling their fundamental needs. The acronym "WDEP" represents Strengths- According to Corey (2017), counselors demonstrate a commitment to honoring the cultural values of their clients by aiding them in evaluating the extent to which their present behavior contributes to personal and societal well-being. Upon completion of this examination, clients are able to formulate practical solutions One of the primary criticisms of reality therapy is its tendency to underestimat e the significance of the unconscious mind, the influence of past events, and the lasting effects of traumatic experiences throughout early infancy. Additionally, it tends to overlook the therapeutic value of dreams and the role of transference in the counseling process (Cor Reality Therapy is a form of cognitive behavioral treatment that prioritizes the enhancemen t of present relationship s and circumstanc es, while deliberately sidestepping past occurrences (Wubboldin g, et al., 2004). According to Joyce (2021), this therapeutic approach seems to be beneficial for persons in search of strategies to manage