Interests, Interactions, and Institutions

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Polk State College *

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2022

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Political Science

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Oct 30, 2023

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Interests, Interactions, and Institutions 1. Interests: Actors and preferences 2. Interactions: Cooperation, bargaining, public goods, and collective action 3. Institutions: How, when, and why they improve cooperation
Interests: Actors and Preferences Who are the actors? Scholars have traditionally focused on states. Actors in international politics can also be leaders or private actors such as firms and business associations Economic classes International and Nongovernmental Organizations Domestic bureacuracies Transnational advocacy networks Terrorist organizations And more!
Interests: Actors and Preferences – Actors Don’t All Want the Same Things What do they want? Different actors have different preferences. Security Wealth Spreading their ideology Leaders may want reelection, power, or policy goals Other actors may want to increase their wealth or power or independence or accomplish normative goals
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Interests: Actors and Preferences – Key Categories of Actors and Interests in World Politics Actor Commonly Ascribed Interests Examples States Security, power, wealth, ideology United States, Canada, China, Switzerland, India, Uruguay Politicians Reelection/retention of office, ideology, policy goals President of the United States, prime minister of Great Britain, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Firms, industries, or business associations Wealth, profit General Motors, Sony, the pharmaceutical industry, National Association of Manufacturers, Business Roundtable Classes or factors of production Material well-being, wealth Capital, labor, land, human capital Bureaucracies Budget maximization, influence, policy preferences; often summarized by the adage of "where you stand depends on where you sit" Department of Defense, Department of Commerce, National Security Council, Ministry of Foreign Affairs International organizations As composites of states, they reflect the interests of member states according to their voting power. As organizations, they are assumed to be similar to domestic bureaucracies. United Nations, International Monetary Fund, Universal Postal Union, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Nongovernmental organizations, often transnational or international in scope and membership Moral, ideological, or policy goals; human rights, the environment, religion Red Cross, Amnesty International, Greenpeace, the Catholic Church
Interests: Actors and Preferences – States as Actors States as actors Sovereignty “States make wars, and wars make the state.” –Charles Tilly What do states want? Preferences in collective actors
Interests, Interactions, and Institutions - Cooperation, bargaining, public goods, and collective action 2. Interactions: Cooperation, bargaining, public goods, and collective action Actors are purposive ; they develop strategies that they believe are the best response to the anticipated strategies of others. Strategic interactions: Each actor’s strategy or plan of action depends on the anticipated strategy of others.
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Interactions – Cooperation and Bargaining Why can’t actors always get what they want? • Cooperation • Bargaining • Cooperation and Bargaining
Interactions: Cooperation Two or more actors adopt policies that make them better off than they were before. This can create additional value.
Interactions: Cooperation – Figure 2.1
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Interactions: Cooperation – Coordination and Collaboration Coordination • Cooperation with no incentive to defect • Generally easy to achieve Collaboration • Cooperation with an incentive to defect • Can be difficult especially when enforcement is impossible/hard
Cooperation Problems and Public Goods Public goods: nonrival and nonexcludable goods Free riding Collective action problems
Interactions: Cooperation – Numbers, Iteration, linkage, and information Enforceable deals (do not really exist in IR) Numbers: The more, the more difficult Privileged groups Iteration and linkage Information
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Interactions: Bargaining – Figure 2.2
Interactions: Bargaining – Figure 2.2 part 2
Interactions: Bargaining Coercion or threat Power Agenda Setting Reversion
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Interactions: Bargaining – Figure 2.3
Primer on Game Theory Simple representation of strategic interactions Assume ordinal preferences ranked for each actor Assume possible actions each actor can take We will be assuming here that there are two actors and each of them have 2 actions: cooperate or defect
The Game Matrix
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The Prisoner’s Dilemma
Cooperation Problems and Public Goods - Chicken
Cooperation Problems and Public Goods – The Stag Hunt
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Interests, Interactions, and Institutions - Institutions 3. Institutions What role do institutions play? How do institutions balance rule-based interaction with power?
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How Institutions Promote Cooperation Enforcement or punishment Self-enforcing agreements (no incentives to defect) Setting standards of behavior: the clearer, the better
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Institutions Most states follow the rules most of the time. Institutions can facilitate cooperation that would have been unlikely without institutions. It is less costly to use existing institutions, even if imperfect, than to establish new ones. Bargaining over institutions
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