POLI_3P28_D3_S1_2023_01_31_Lecture

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Brock University *

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3P28

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Political Science

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Oct 30, 2023

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Week 3: Lecture 3 Poli 3P28 January 31 Organization of the lecture 1. Governmental process 2. Role of prime minister 3. Role of provinces 4. Other societal actors: who are they??? Approach: early historical/foundational examples + more recent examples from readings Major themes: growing importance of domestic influences on CFP - Important… but in a more complex way - Need to understand how they interconnect globally Societal actors: - Media - Social media - International organizations Question: does Canada’s natural resource influence its foreign policy, if so how? - Remember ’Oil’ cant be an actor but its still there - GOOD MIDTERM/EXAM QUESTIO N Governmental process Main players: - Executive (PM, Cabinet, etc) - Bureaucracy Role of PM - PM: has a strong influence on CFP through: ○ Power of appointment - can choose who they put in key positions E.g. minister of foreign affairs ○ ’architect’ of administrative structures § i.e. can create new departments (r change their names/mandates) ○ Influence on decision making process § E.g. consensus-based (Justin Trudeau)/ controlling (Harper) § Trudeau aims more to consultants but not clear if this is still true as the minister financial book was released and it showed he might be a bit more controlling then he has led on ○ Signs international treaties (has final say) - Other sources of power for the PM? ○ Is PM always the most important player? § Sometime periods in CFP are specific to the PM at the time Bureaucracy: the many names of (global affairs canada) GAC - 1909 Department of External Affairs (DEA) - 1989 Department of eXternal Affairs and international trade Canada - 1993 department of foreign affairs and international trade (DFATD) - 2003 foreign affairs Canada (FAC)/ international trade canada - 2006 back to DFAIT; 2013 Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development (DFATD) - 2016 Global Affairs Canada (GAC) Lots of name changes, shows the PM putting their own stamp on CFP - Don’t need to memorize these things “Domestication” of CFP Domestication: has different meanings 1. Expansion of issue areas on international agenda: agricultural, environment, refugees, etc 2. Blurring of lines between what is “domestic” and what is international/external i.e. globalization 3. Growing input of Canadian public along functional lines can directly influence foreign policy priorities a. Examples under Trudeau government? Legislature and Judiciary: Historical not all that focused on CFP - Legislature: ○ Passes laws ○ Forum to criticize government policy ○ Less focused on foreign policy issues…unless… they are major issues or crises, such as the global pandemic - Judiciary: ○ Renders judgment on issues under the law ○ Domestic jurisdiction ○ Relevant when rules on Federal government international agreements that impinge on provincial jurisdiction § Handle disputes between federal and provincial government □ Example: natural resources (provincial jurisdiction) - Minimal role?

Part 2: influence of the PM - Has influence of PM on CFP increased or decreased over time? - Hint: the right answer is.. The PM’s influence on CFP has increased over time More coordination and determination in the PMs office Especially under the Trudeau government Louis St. Laurent (1948-1957) - Replaced Mackenzie King as PM - Was the PM during WW2 and for a long period of time beforehand - St. Laurent set new tone - 1947: Gray lecture — spelled out St, Laurents vision for Canada’s foreign policy ○ Five key principals he set out during this lecture 1. Foreign policy need to be about preservation, Canada needs to be united (Alberta, and federal government lines for example) if it will be effective in obtaining its goals 2. Promotion of political liberty (Think back to Canada's formation of NATO) 3. ??? 4. Adhering to the values of the Christian community (outdated and not as relevant in Canada’s society today) 5. Acceptance of Canada’s international responsibilities — promoting what was ideally an ‘international liberal rules based order’ - Commitment to internationalism: NATO- 1949 - SSEA: Pearson (1948-1956) - Invented peacekeeping (Suez - 1957) John Diefenbacker (1957-1963) - Conservative PM: promoted both Continuity and Change: - Continuity: ○ Commitment to internationalism ○ Signed off on NORAD (1957): Negotiated under St. Laurent § Didn’t agree with some provisions ○ Committed to NATO ○ Initial support for nuclear- equipped weapons in Europe § NATO agreement to uphold Western Europe Canada could become a nuclear power if we wanted - High power of Uranium - Change: ○ Anti-American (especially against Kennedy) § More so in a personal way § Feeling of disliked towards Kennedy was mutual § Marilyn Monroe, happy birthday to Kennedy, Diefenbaker had an Oprah signing that was really bad ○ Secretary of state for external affairs: Howard Green opposed to nukes (strongly anti nuclear)— led Diefenbaker to back down on arming Canadian weapons with nuclear capabilities — affected commitments to NORAD and NATO § Diefenbaker refused to put NORAD nuclear weapons on high alert § American planes were in bases in Canada § It was expected for them to be armed on Canadian soil ○ Cuban missile crisis (1962):l major embarrassment for Diefenbaker— refused to cooperate with Kennedy § Marked the end of the earlier bi-partisan consensus on CFP ○ JFK interfered in Canadian elections that helped defeat Diefenbaker in 1963 election § Put bad news of him in the press § Stories being leaked by the Embassy in Ottawa Lester Pearson (1963-1968) - Classic liberal internationalist - SSEA: Paul Martin Sr - 1963 defence ‘white’ paper: ○ Governments, when they took office, released “white papers” which held the official expression of CFP ○ In the Harper government and with Trudeau, you still get this statements but they don’t seem to be of the same official policy as the white papers ○ During Pearson there was no public consultation ○ Peacekeeping top priority ○ He even won a Nobel peace prize - Many of Canadians still (unconsciously) identify with his vision of Canada’s role in the world Pierre Elliot Trudeau: - 1968-1979/1980-1984 - “Trudeau doctrine” ○ Dramatic change in tone ○ 1968: Canada and the world (major foreign policy document) § Didn’t include the USA, why? § Wanted to reach out to other parts of the world, and put his stamp § Did get criticized for it/ not appreciated by the US ○ Stressed the national interest/economic growth ○ Peacekeeping: low priority (officially) ○ Inspiration for complex neo-realist theoretical perspective… ○ BUT.. Debate as to whether there was much change in substance, i.e. CFP behaviour Brian Mulroney: 1984-1993 - Prioritized relationship with US - Pro-business - Continentalist approach ○ Recall 3 options considered for Canadians trade is 1970s… ○ Major foreign policy initiative was negotiation of Canada- US free trade agreement ○ Very controversial: an example where a foreign policy initiative became a major domestic issue § A key topic of debate during 1988 elections

PART 3: Impact of the Provinces on CFP - Societal/ government actors - How important a role in influencing CFP? - Up to 1960s: not all that relevant - Exception: Quebec… an early example of the influence provinces can have on CFP Quebec: - Gray Lecture: theme of national unity (an enduring concern for any PM) - 1960s: ○ Growing Quebec assertiveness abroad ○ ‘Quiet revolution’ ○ Nationalism ○ Desire to project French identity abroad - At the time it was deemed a Crisis for the Federal Government Quebecs external relations - 1961: opened a foreign office in Paris ○ Still opened to this day ○ Most provinces have trade offices in the states, same line - Officials granted same privileges as diplomats — not normal - 1965: first international agreement signed by Quebec— educational exchange agreement ○ Justified that though it is international it falls within Quebec’s jurisdiction cause its about education ○ Other provinces have since followed suit - 1967: France played a provocative role encouraging Quebec to assert its ‘rights’ Beyond Quebec - La Francophone: New Brunswick, Manitoba - Trudeau years: provisional resentment - Mulroney: more decentralized approach - 1980s: - Provinces played important role in Canada-US free trade negotiations - BUT.. Voice heard through federally sponsored committees ○ i.e. Trade Negotiation Office to allow provincial input on free trade negotiations with US Alberta: - Trudeau grievances over the national energy propane (NEP): 1980 - Stark differences between Alberta and Trudeau Jr. government over environmental policies ○ Was not taken well by Alberta ○ Trudeau was trying to increase Canadian businesses ○ Trying to reduce how much we import in terms of trade when we have natural resources - Fast forward: premier Danielle Smith - Alberta Sovereignty Act: power to unilaterally amend provincial laws ○ Very controversial ○ They can bi pass the federal constitution ○ Wont follow Canadian law ○ More far right ○ Danielle smith has threatened to use it over environmental policies Provinces as Government - Growing complexity of provincial interactions - Promotion of trade ○ Most provinces have offices abroad ○ Especially Quebec, Ontario, Alberta and BC - Shaping of trade policy ○ Jurisdictional issues § Where they have a rightful say, for example renegotiation of NAFTA ○ Desire of provinces to have a greater say ○ How big a challenge for Federal Government? § Note that in negotiation of USMCA, Federal Government had to consult extensively with provinces Other societal Actors - Public: ○ Growing involvement from 1960s § Opposition over Vietnam ○ 1970s to present: concerns over environment; diaspora politics ○ Growing role of (social) media and NGOs in influencing public opinions ○ 2000s: Steven Harper and Trudeau: § Both criticized for seeming to pander to public in foreign policy initiatives.. - Business and economic interests: major influences on international trade relations - Constituencies: ○ Pm Joe Clark (May 1979 - December 1979) ○ Jerusalem embassy issue: promised to move Canadian embassy

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