Chapter 4 court cases

Civil Liberty Constitutional Protection Court Case Freedom of Religion First Amendment: Establishment Clause, Free Exercise Clause Engel v. Vitale (1962) - The Supreme Court ruled that a state-written prayer in public schools was a violation of the Establishment Clause, as it represented a religious observance by the state and thus, it had the effect of promoting religion. Freedom of Expression First Amendment: Freedom of Expression Schenck v. United States (1919) - The Supreme Court held that the freedom of speech can be limited if the speech poses a "clear and present danger" to national security or public safety. Right to Bear Arms Second Amendment District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) - The Supreme Court held that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to possess firearms for lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home. Defendant’s Rights Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments Mapp v. Ohio (1961) - The Supreme Court held that evidence obtained illegally through a search and seizure was inadmissible in state courts, as it violated the Fourth Amendment's protection against unreasonable searches and seizures. Self- incrimination Fifth Amendment: Self- incrimination Miranda v. Arizona (1966) - The Supreme Court held that the Fifth Amendment's protection against self-incrimination required law enforcement officers to inform criminal suspects of their right to remain silent and to have an attorney present during questioning. Right to Counsel & Trial Sixth Amendment: Right to Counsel Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) - The Supreme Court held that the Sixth Amendment guarantees a defendant the right to counsel in all criminal trials and that counsel must be provided if the defendant cannot afford one. Cruel and Unusual Punishment Eighth Amendment: Cruel and Unusual Punishment Gregg v. Georgia (1976) - The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the death penalty, ruling that it was not cruel and unusual punishment if imposed in a consistent and fair manner. Right to Privacy/Abortion Ninth Amendment: Unenumerated Rights, Fourteenth Amendment: Due Process Clause Roe v. Wade (1973) - The Supreme Court held that the right to privacy, including the right to have an abortion, was protected by the Ninth Amendment and the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause.