History Review chapter 10

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Oct 30, 2023

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Chapter 10 Review Jackson's Views and Policies The Jacksonians sought to democratize the political process and expand economic opportunity for the "common man" (that is, "poor and humble" white men). As the representative of "the people," he expanded the role of the president in economic matters, reducing federal government spending and eliminating the powerful Second Bank of the United States. His Bank War painted the national bank as full of "vipers and thieves" and was hugely popular, but Jackson did not understand its long-term economic consequences. In addition, his views on limited government were not always reflected in his policies. He left the high taxes on imports from the Tariff of Abominations (1828) in place until opposition in the South created a national crisis. Nullification Controversy The concept of nullification , developed by South Carolina's John C. Calhoun, enabled a state to disavow a federal law. When a South Carolina convention nullified the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832, Jackson requested that Congress pass a Force Bill (1833) authorizing the U.S. Army to compel compliance with the tariffs. After South Carolina, under the threat of federal military force, accepted a compromise tariff put forth by Henry Clay, the state convention nullified the Force Bill . The crisis was over, with both sides claiming victory. Indian Removal Act of 1830 The Indian Removal Act (1830) authorized the relocation of eastern Indians to federal lands west of the Mississippi River. The Cherokees used the federal court system in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia to try to block this relocation. Despite the Supreme Court's decisions in their favor, President Jackson forced them to move; the event and the route they took came to be called the Trail of Tears (1838 – 1839) . By 1840, only a few Seminoles and Cherokees remained in remote areas of the Southeast. Democrats and Whigs Jackson's arrogant behavior, especially his use of the veto, led many to regard him as "King Andrew I." Groups who opposed him organized a new party, known as the Whig party , thus producing the country's second two-party system . Two acts — the Distribution Act (1836) and the Specie Circular — ultimately destabilized the nation's economy. Andrew Jackson's ally and vice president, Martin Van Buren, succeeded him as president, but Jacksonian bank policies led to the financial Panic of 1837 and an economic depression. Van Buren responded by establishing the Independent Treasury Act (1840) to safeguard the nation's economy but offered no help for individuals in distress. The economic calamity ensured a Whig victory in the election of 1840. The Jackson Years Andrew Jackson's America was very different from the America of 1776. Most white men had gained the vote when states removed property qualifications for voting, but political equality did not mean economic equality. Democrats wanted every American to have an equal chance to compete in the marketplace and in the political arena, but they never promoted equality of results. Inequality between rich and poor widened during the Jackson Era.

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