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Jan 9, 2024

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[07] Lesson 8 Exam - Results Attempt 1 of 2 Written Dec 11, 2023 4:17 PM - Dec 11, 2023 4:27 PM Attempt Score 100 / 100 - 100 % Overall Grade (Highest Attempt) 100 / 100 - 100 % Question 1 5 / 5 points Theories, science, laws, and public policy are derived through Question options: a) deductive reasoning. b) hypothesis testing. c) inductive reasoning. d) models. Question 2 5 / 5 points _______ and _______ are the two valid forms of reasoning. Question options:

a) Denying the consequent; affirming the consequent b) Affirming the consequent; denying the antecedent c) Affirming the consequent; affirming the antecedent d) Affirming the antecedent; denying the consequent Question 3 5 / 5 points Which is true of this syllogism? All cats are dogs. All dogs have whiskers. Therefore, all cats have whiskers. Question options: a) The conclusion is valid. b) The conclusion is invalid because the major premise is false. c) The conclusion is false because invalid reasoning was used to derive it. The minor premise is invalid. d) It’s impossible to say whether the conclusion is valid or not. Question 4 5 / 5 points What does the availability heuristic suggest? Question options: a) The probability of two united events can’t be greater than the probability of one or the other separately.

b) Events that are typical of a class are assigned a high probability of occurrence. c) The probabilities of states of nature are unknown d) If relevant examples can readily be retrieved from memory, then the class of events must occur with a high probability. Question 5 5 / 5 points College students judge that death by tornado is more frequent than death from asthma. In fact, asthma is 20 times more likely to kill. Which of the following judgment heuristics explains this result? Question options: a) Means-end b) Probability c) Representativeness d) Availability Question 6 5 / 5 points Which of the following is an invalid form of conditional reasoning? Question options: a) Modus ponens b) Denial of consequent

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c) Affirming the antecedent d) Affirming the consequent Question 7 5 / 5 points If you reasoned that since it rained for three weeks straight when the sun was out, and on the 22 nd day the sun came out, so it will probably rain that day also, what type of reasoning did you use? Question options: a) Inductive reasoning b) Deductive reasoning c) Reasoning under certainty d) Reasoning with representativeness Question 8 5 / 5 points What valid conclusion could you arrive at given these premises? All plants are alive. Some rocks are plants. Therefore, Question options: a) all rocks are alive. b) some rocks are alive.

c) all plants are rocks. d) all rocks can be plants. Question 9 5 / 5 points If, every day for three weeks, it rained when the sun was out and on the 22 nd day the sun came out, one might be led to believe it will rain that day also. This is due to the Question options: a) decision under risk. b) representative heuristic. c) gambler’s fallacy. d) meteorologist report. Question 10 5 / 5 points Which of the following is not a reason why people make mistakes in syllogistic reasoning? Question options: a) Errors in interpreting the premises b) Errors in remembering the premises c) Errors in considering all possible combinations of meanings

d) Errors in assuming the conclusion is negative if the premises are negative Question 11 5 / 5 points If a hypothesis is tested, and a theory is drawn, is the hypothesis proven? Question options: a) No; it’s supported. b) No; it’s suggested but very unstable. c) Maybe; it depends on how much testing was done. d) Yes; theories are basically laws of nature that are proven. Question 12 5 / 5 points You believe that bald people have a tendency to be poor drivers. According to the availability heuristic, you’ll Question options: a) overestimate how often you see bald people who are driving poorly. b) underestimate how often you see bald people who are driving poorly. c) overestimate the frequency of bald people in the population. d) falsely assume that baldness causes poor driving. Question 13 5 / 5 points

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Research using fMRI has found that evaluating the fairness of the offer made in the Ultimatum Game activates Question options: a) the orbitofrontal cortex. b) the insular cortex. c) the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. d) the anterior cingulate cortex. Question 14 5 / 5 points When people are required to make judgments based on probabilities, Question options: a) they do worse than when using absolute frequencies. b) they do better than when using absolute frequencies. c) they perform the same as when using absolute frequencies. d) they perform as predicted by Bayes’ theorem. Question 15 5 / 5 points Research conducted in rural Central Asia showed that people in some cultures base their response to reasoning tasks on Question options:

a) deduction. b) induction. c) personal experience. d) illicit conversion. Question 16 5 / 5 points Suppose more people who watch television news daily believe they’re personally at risk for violent crime compared to people who never watch the news. Which concept might explain this difference? Question options: a) The gambler’s fallacy b) Decisions under certainty c) The representativeness heuristic d) The availability heuristic Question 17 5 / 5 points When people evaluate evidence in a biased manner that confirms their own prior political, religious, ethical, and economic beliefs, it’s a type of reasoning error known as Question options:

a) Myside bias. b) the availability heuristic. c) hindsight bias. d) fast and frugal heuristics. Question 18 5 / 5 points Which of the following contends that people make no attempt at analysis in syllogistic reasoning tasks? Question options: a) Premise conversion b) Atmosphere hypothesis c) Partial combination d) Confirmation bias Question 19 5 / 5 points Joe went to the riverboat and bet on the craps shooter hitting seven as the total of the two dice. Joe won with this bet six times in a row. He then shifted his bet against the shooter on the seventh roll. This decision was probably influenced by Question options:

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a) probability theory. b) the atmosphere hypothesis. c) the gambler’s fallacy. d) the shooter’s luck. Question 20 5 / 5 points If concealed guns are legal, then the violent crime rate will go up. One valid way to confirm this conditional statement is to Question options: a) show that when concealed guns are illegal, violent crime goes down. b) show that when unconcealed guns are legal, violent crime goes up. c) show that when violent crime goes down, concealed guns are illegal. d) show that when violent crime goes up, unconcealed guns are illegal. Done

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