PHIL 321 SECOND MIDTERM TEST QUESTIONS AND INSTRUCTIONS WINTER TERM 2023
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PHIL 321 BIOMEDICAL ETHICS WINTER TERM 2023 SECOND MIDTERM TEST INSTRUCTIONS AND TEST QUESTIONS 1.
PLEASE COMPLETE THIS TEST BY USING THE SEPARATE ANSWER SHEET TO RECORD YOUR ANSWERS. (POSTED ON BLACKBOARD) 2.
BE SURE THAT YOUR FULL NAME
AND SECTION NUMBER
IS ON EACH PAGE OF THE ANSWER SHEET. 3.
FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS ON EACH SECTION OF THE TEST QUESTIONS DOCUMENT FOR HOW TO RECORD YOUR ANSWERS. 4.
PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE FORMAT OR NUMBERING OF THE ANSWER SHEET. Use the scroll function instead of return key to move between lines. 5.
SAVE YOUR ANSWERS ON THE ANSWER SHEET IN WORD OR PDF FORMAT
.
6.
PLEASE SAVE ANSWER SHEET TO BE RETURNED WITH THE TITLE: [
YOUR NAME
] PHIL 321 [
YOUR SECTION
]. 7.
RETURN ONLY THE ANSWER SHEET BY THE STATED DEADLINE. SUBMIT ALL PAGES OF THE ANSWER SHEET AT THE SAME TIME. 8.
USING DREXEL OUTLOOK
, PLEASE EMAIL YOUR ANSWER SHEET AS AN ATTACHMENT
WITH “
COMPLETED TEST
”
AS SUBJECT. DO NOT USE LINKS TO SEND YOUR WORK.
RE-SUBMITTING THE TEST OR CHANGING ANSWERS WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED. 9.
ANY DOCUMENTS ASSIGNED FOR THE COURSE, INCLUDING THE TEXT, NOTES, POWER POINT, ARTICLES, ETC. MAY BE USED TO ANSWER QUESTIONS ON THE TEST. HOWEVER, SHARING TEST QUESTIONS OR ANSWERS IS NOT PERMITTED
. 10.
ANSWER SHEETS FOR THIS TEST ARE DUE BY 11:59 p.m. March 1
st
.
PHIL 321 Biomedical Ethics. SECOND MIDTERM WINTER TERM 2023
I. I
DENTIFICATIONS
. ON THE ANSWER SHEET PLEASE TYPE OUT THE
ANSWER NEXT TO THE NUMBER OF THE TEST ITEM ON THE ANSWER SHEET (3 pts. each) DESCRIPTIVE CULTURAL RELATIVISM
DUTY TO WARN
ETHICAL INFORMED CONSENT INFORMATIONAL PRIVACY INSTITUTIONAL INFORMED CONSENT
REASONABLE PERSON STANDARD OF DISCLOSURE
THERAPEUTIC PRIVILEGE
STIGMA
SUBJECTIVE STANDARD OF DISCLOSURE
VERACITY
1. The claim of individuals to determine for themselves when, how and to what extent personal data about them is communicated to others. 2. The perception of “an attribute that is deeply discrediting” that reduces someone “from a who
le and usual person to a tainted, disc
ounted one…”
3. A legally effective authorization given by a patient for medical intervention. 4. The autonomous authorization given by a potential patient who agrees to receive medical intervention. 5. Differences in ethical beliefs and standards do exist across different cultures. 6. “. . .the pa
tient's right of self-decision shapes the boundaries of the duty to [disclose information]. The scope of the physician's communications to the patient, then, must be measure
d by the patient's need. . .”
[Canterbury v. Spence 1972]
7. “
[a] risk is thus material when a reasonable person, in what the physician knows or should know to be the patient's position, would be likely to attach significance to the risk or cluster of risks in deciding whether or not to forego the proposed therapy.
”
[Canterbury v. Spence 1972]
8. “…when risk disclosure poses such a threat of detriment to the patient as to become unfeasible or contraindicated from a medical point of view…the physici
an is armed with a privilege to keep the information from the pati
ent…”
[Canterbury v. Spence 1972]
9
. “. . . a doctor or a psychotherapist treating a mentally ill patient, just as a doctor t
reating physical illness, bears a duty to use reasonable care to give threatened persons such warnings as are essential to avert foreseeable danger arising from his patient’s condition or treatment.”
[Tarasoff v. U.C. Berkeley, 1974] 10 “. . . a commitment to basing our views on an honest assessment of the evidence, and adjusting the degree of conviction we have in terms of the weight of such evidence.
”
[TEST CONTINUES NEXT PAGE.]
II.
T
RUE
/F
ALSE
. ON THE ANSWER SHEET PLEASE TYPE “
TRUE
”
OR “
FALSE
”
NEXT TO THE NUMBER OF THE TEST ITEM ON THE ANSWER SHEET. (3 points each) 11. On the paternalistic model
of medical decision making, the physician collaborates with patients and their expressed values in reaching a medical decision. 12. According to the professional practice standard
of information disclosure, adequate disclosure is determined by the particular needs of each patient. 13. The interpretive model
of medical decision making uses only medical values to reach a medical decision. 14. On the informative model
of medical decision making the patient is granted full discretion in making a decision related to his/her medical condition. 15. On the deliberative model
of medical decision making the patient is instructed on how to make a medically sound decision. 16. According to meta-ethical cultural relativism
if a culture believes that a practice is morally right, then it is morally right for that culture. 17. According to standards for ethical informed consent
, influencing a patien
t’s medical decision with instruction, advice, and information supports patient autonomy. 18. In the case Canterbury v. Spence
the reasonable person standard
was defined as an objective standard of information disclosure. [TEST CONTINUES NEXT PAGE]
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III. M
ULTIPLE C
HOICE
. ON THE ANSWER SHEET PLEASE
TYPE JUST THE LETTER OF THE BEST ANSWER NEXT TO THE NUMBER OF THE TEST ITEM ON THE ANSWER SHEET. (3 pts each) 19. As defined by the case Canterbury v. Spence
which one of the following best describes the principle of therapeutic privilege
? A. It is right for physicians to withhold relevant medical information from patients if disclosing that information might deter patients from consenting to medical treatment. B. It is right for a physician to withhold relevant medical information from a patient if disclosing that information might cause harm to that patient. C. It is never right for physicians/providers to withhold relevant medical information from patients. 20. The obligation
of veracity
includes all but which of the following
?
A. Communication that is not intended to mislead or deceive. B. Deliberate silence, or evasion, regarding relevant facts. C. Factual accuracy of information that is communicated. 21. Which one of the following has been given as an argument against
the duty of veracity
? A.
Knowing the truth affords patients the opportunity to plan, helping patients maintain a sense of control over their lives. B.
The information nurses and physicians have is too technical, complex and difficult for a lay person to understand. C.
Expected negative consequences of truthful disclosures to patients tend to be exaggerated, especially if informing patients is done in a sensitive manner. 22. The value of confidentiality
in medical practice includes all but which of the following? A. Confidentiality always overrides competing interests of public health. B. Confidentiality motivates patients to reveal information which may be needed for therapeutic reasons. C. Confidentiality is part of mutual trust between patient and provider in the process of medical decision making. [TEST CONTINUES NEXT PAGE]
III. M
ULTIPLE C
HOICE
.
(
CONTINUED
)
TYPE JUST THE LETTER OF THE BEST ANSWER NEXT TO THE NUMBER OF THE TEST ITEM ON THE ANSWER SHEET. (3 pts each) 23. Which one
of the following is not
an argument that was used by the American Psychiatric Association in the aftermath of Tarasoff I
(
Tarasoff v. U.C. Berkeley
) in defense of confidentiality? A.
Psychotherapists can usually predict with accuracy and report just those patients who will carry out threats of violence. B.
Confidentiality in psychotherapy is essential for successful treatment which depends on establishing a relationship of trust with the patient. C.
Without the assurance of confidentiality patients will be deterred from seeking treatment, or fully disclosing their intentions. 24. Which of the one
following best characterizes medical cultural relativism
? A. There are no understandings of health and medicine that are universally correct. B. Cross cultural evaluations of different medical practices are possible. C. Medical science can be used to criticize practices that differ from it. 25. Cataract patients are given several pamphlets describing the features of different intra-ocular lenses, and without further discussion are told that the lens selection is entirely up to the patient. This illustrates which one of the following models of medical decision-making? A.
Informative Model B.
Deliberative Model C.
Paternalistic Model [TEST CONTINUES NEXT PAGE.]
IV.
C
ASE S
CENARIOS
.
PLEASE TYPE THE LETTER AND THE CORRECT ANSWER
NEXT TO THE NUMBER OF THE TEST ITEM ON THE ANSWER SHEET. (3 points each) 26.. Religious liberty is a right guaranteed by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Smith, who works as an accountant, recently converted from atheism to Christian Science. This life-changing event is best described as an exercise of which of the following? A.
Physical privacy B.
Decisional privacy C.
Associational privacy D.
Informational privacy 27. While willing to share religious beliefs with close family members, Smith is reluctant to discuss religious affiliation with colleagues at work some of whom are professed atheists. Such unwillingness is best described as an exercise of which of the following? A.
Physical privacy B.
Associational privacy C.
Decisional privacy D.
Informational privacy 28. In addition, one colleague who lives in Smith
’
s home town is politically connected. Information sharing by that colleague with political associates about Smith
’
s religious affiliation might hurt Smith
’
s chances for re-election to a local government office. This concern is best described as an issue of which of the following? A.
Physical privacy B.
Informational privacy C.
Decisional privacy D.
Associational privacy 29. In the landmark legal case Canterbury v. Spence
, neurosurgeon Dr. William Spence argued in his own defense that informing patients of a one percent chance of paralysis from a laminectomy is not good medical practice because it might deter patients from undergoing needed surgery. This argument by Dr. Spence invokes which of the following? A. Full disclosure B. Professional Practice Standard of Disclosure C. Subjective Standard of Disclosure D. Reasonable Person Standard of disclosure 30. In Canterbury v. Spence
the Opinion of the Circuit Court held that even a low probability of paralysis is a significant risk that a patient should know in order to make an informed decision. This decision defined which of the following? A. Full disclosure B. Reasonable Person Standard of disclosure C. Subjective Standard of Disclosure D. Professional Practice Standard of disclosure [TEST CONTINUES NEXT PAGE.]
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IV.
C
ASE S
CENARIOS
.
(
CONTINUED
) PLEASE TYPE JUST THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT ANSWER NEXT TO THE NUMBER OF THE TEST ITEM ON THE ANSWER SHEET. (3 points each) “
The European Union is strongly opposed to the death penalty in all circumstances, and fighting it is a foremost priority of its external human rights policy.
” (European Parliament, 2019) “
As of June 11, 2020, capital punishment
is legal in 28 US states. According to the Death Penalty Information Center, 22 people were executed in the United States in 2019. The number of death sentences imposed was 34.
” (
CNN) A recent article in the New England Journal of Medicine
states that in the United States, “phys
icians have participated in executions for more than a century and continue to do so.
” (Deborah Denno, Physician Participation in Lethal Injection
, NEJM May 9, 2019 as sourced by Fordham Law News.) 31
. Which of the following best represents
the view of meta-ethical
cultural relativism
? A.
The European Union has no basis for condemning the use of capital punishment in the U.S. B.
The European Union is right in its condemnation of capital punishment in the U.S. C.
In spite of the disagreement between Europe and the U.S. on capital punishment there is an objective truth of the matter. 32
. According to moral objectivism
…
A.
It is possible that the U.S. is morally wrong in its use of capital punishment. B.
Capital punishment is morally right for the U.S. but morally wrong for the European Union. C.
The disagreement between Europe and the U.S. on capital punishment proves that there is no objective truth of the matter. 33. Which one of the following statements best represents
the principle of tolerance
? A
. The principle of tolerance allows criticism of practices such as capital punishment. B
. The principle of tolerance proves that it is impossible to criticize practices such capital punishment. C. The principle of tolerance proves that meta-ethical cultural relativism is true. [END OF TEST QUESTIONS.]