Phil-StuGu-3-NaturEpistPolit
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University of South Florida, Tampa *
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4504
Subject
Philosophy
Date
Apr 3, 2024
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6
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Philosophy –
Study Guide 3 –
Natural Philosophy, Epistemology, Political Philosophy Phil-StuGu-3-NaturEpistPolit 1 EPISTEMOLOGY
1. ______________________ is the view that knowledge is unattainable. A. solipsism B. disknowance C. skepticism D. enabled ignorance 2.
_________________________ is a core branch of philosophy that deals with the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge, what knowledge is and how one comes to have knowledge. A. Idealism B. Epistemology
C. Realism D.
Eschatology
3.
_____________________________ is an epistemological theory that asserts that we know things because we perceive them with our senses, so that nothing can be thought without first being sensed. A. Idealism B. Epistemology
C. Empiricism D.
Rationalism
4. _________________ usually claims that the human mind, prior to sense experience, is like Aristotle’s tabula rasa (
blank slate
) or John Locke’s white paper. A. Idealism B. Epistemology C. Empiricism D.
Rationalism 5.
____________________
is the epistemological theory that asserts that reason is the only reliable source of human knowledge. A. Idealism B. Epistemology C. Empiricism
D.
Rationalism 6. Rationalists believe that we have __________________, and that our proofs are deductive.
A. correct ideas B. forms C. innate ideas D.
phantasms 7. Plato argues that “all claims about the sensory world are _______________ to the perceiver. A. unknown B. irrational C. unverifiable D. relative
8. For Plato, knowledge “must be grounded in some sort of ______________________________. A. recollection
B. awareness
C. rational insight D. sense perception 9. Plato believed that knowledge is somehow imprinted on the soul. In other words, we have ____________________. A. forms B
. innate ideas
C. particulars
D. perfect knowledge
10. In his Allegory of the Cave, Plato uses _______________ as an analogy for the Good. A. forms
B
. Ideas
C. the moon
D. the sun
11. Descartes’ most important mathematical invention was _____________________________.
A. calculus B. geometry C. analytic geometry D. set theory
12. One of the two reasons that Descartes is called ‘the father of modern philosophy’ is that he discovered
A. the gulf between knowledge and opinion B. skepticism C. the mind/body problem D. the Grande Canal
13. One of the two reasons that Descartes is called ‘the father of modern philosophy’ is that he shifted philosophy to a strong emphasis on ________________________________.
A. epistemology B. metaphysics C. rationalism D. idealism
14. After searching to find one indubitable truth, one thing that he knows with absolute certainty, Descartes believes he has found it. It is __________________________.
A. analytic geometry B. God C. ‘I think, therefore I am’ D. matter
Philosophy –
Study Guide 3 –
Natural Philosophy, Epistemology, Political Philosophy Phil-StuGu-3-NaturEpistPolit 2 15. Descartes says there are three kinds of substance:
______________ substance, extended substance and God
.
A. material B. thinking C. really real D. real
16. John Locke, in his “Essay Concerning Human Understanding”, says that all the objects of the understanding are __________________, and that all ideas come from sensation or reflection.
A. forms B. minds C. ideas D. material
17. Secondary qualities:
A. exist only in the world of ideas or forms B. are intangible or ephemeral
C. are a product of objects and the sense organs, existing only in the mind
D. are accidents and not substance
18. John Locke, in his “Essay Concerning Human Understanding”, says that all the objects of the understanding are ideas, and that all ideas come from sensation or ______________.
A. thoughts B. reflection C. minds D. material
19. John Locke, in his “Essay Concerning Human Understanding”, says that innate ideas:
A. are primary B. are material C. don’t exist D. are forms
20. Two of the primary qualities are:
A. time, form B. time, matter C. time, magnitude D. form, matter
21. Primary qualities are primary because:
A. they are material (extended) B. they are ideas
C
. they really exist in extended objects D. they exist in time
Two of the secondary qualities are _______________________.
22. Two secondary qualities are:
A. Magnitude, color B. Color, sound C. shape, magnitude D. Number, sound
23. George Berkeley was an idealist in that he believed that everything that exists is either mind or depends upon mind for its existence, and that ordinary material objects are composed solely of ideas. Berkeley’s statement, ‘Esse es percipi’ means:
A. to be is to be perceived
B. ignorance is bliss
C. from nothing comes nothing
D. the primacy of perception
24. David Hume (1711-1775) in his master work, ‘A Treatise of Human Nature’, and in his ‘Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding’, argues that all the objects of human reason can be divided into _________________________ and _______________________________
. A. matter of consequence and forms
B. ideas and thoughts
C. relations of ideas and matters of fact D. being and time 25. David Hume (1711-1775) argued that what we call ______________ relation is never perceived, but is a result of the habit of experience he called constant conjunction.
A. material B. formal C. causal D. family
Philosophy –
Study Guide 3 –
Natural Philosophy, Epistemology, Political Philosophy Phil-StuGu-3-NaturEpistPolit 3 NATURAL PHILOSOPHY
26. The term “Nature” comes from the original Greek term _________________________. A. episteme
B. empiric
C. phusis D.
apeiron
27. The preceding diagram represents A. a plan for a new microwave station.
B. an ancient Greek experiment by Eratosthenes intended to calculate the earth’s circumference.
C. a medieval calculation for setting stones at Stonehenge.
D. a plan for a laser weapon developed in the 1990’s. 28.
____________________________ is a term applied to the objective study of nature and the physical universe that occurred before the development of modern science.
A. Materialism
B. Natural philosophy
C. Rationalisms D.
E
mpiricism 29. The Copernican Hypothesis was called the:
A. Solar System B. Star Pattern theory C. Heliocentric Hypothesis D. Geocentric Hypothesis
30. The following diagram illustrates one of Kepler’s laws; A. the planets follow extreme orbits.
B. each of the planets’ orbits describes a geometrical solid.
C. D and C are estranged from A and B.
D. a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times.
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Philosophy –
Study Guide 3 –
Natural Philosophy, Epistemology, Political Philosophy Phil-StuGu-3-NaturEpistPolit 4 31. Galileo contradicted _______________ by asserting that all bodies fall at the same increasing rate of speed.
A. Aristotle B. Eratosthenes C. Thales D, Descartes
32. Galileo dropped shoes in a bathtub to prove that falling objects ____________ velocity as they fall.
A. decrease B. maintain C. lose D
. increase
33. Kepler’s most important discoveries were connected with the mathematics of the planets’ ______________ .
A. speeds B. orbits C. tangents D. distance from the sun 34. The following diagram from Isaac’s Newton’s famous Principia Mathematica
is related to calculating A. the required escape velocity to put a satellite into orbit.
B. the height of mountains at the North Pole. C. the path or a satellite falling back to earth. D. the earth’s speed of rotation. 35. Sir Isaac Newton’s 1687 book, ________________________ is considered to be among the most influential books in the history of science, laying the groundwork for most of classical mechanics, including the theory of universal gravitation.
A. De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium B. The Almagest
C. The Elements D. Principia Mathematica
36. Ptolemy’s great book, _____________________ was the basis of Astronomical theory in the West for over thirteen hundred years.
A. De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium B. The Almagest
C. The Elements D. Principia Mathematica
37. __________________ used Galileo’s theories of motion and Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion, to bring about a great leap in astrophysics with his description of universal gravitation and his three laws of motion. A. Johannes Kepler B. Isaac Newton C. Ptolemy D. Galileo
38. One of the earliest theories of genetics which was connected to the theory of ‘original sin’ during the Medieval Period, was the ___________________theory. A. Rosetta Stone B. Transcriptions C. Hylomorphism D. Homunculus
Philosophy –
Study Guide 3 –
Natural Philosophy, Epistemology, Political Philosophy Phil-StuGu-3-NaturEpistPolit 5 39. In his 1859 book, The Origin of Species, Charles Darwin unveiled his hypothesis, based on an analogy with selective
breeding, that species evolve by ______________________________. A. survival of the fittest B. natural selection
C. intelligent design D. genetics
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
40. When Thomas Hobbes describes the situation of man as, “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”, he is describing man:
A. in uncivilized countries B. without religion C. in the state of nature D. in civil war 41. One of the three most important ideas in the Eighteenth Century Enlightenment that still has great influence today, which is said to involve the application of reason to control the environment, is:
A. nature B. progress C. religion D. reason
42. One of the three most important ideas in the Eighteenth Century Enlightenment that still has great influence today, which is said to be basically the same in all people, but is corrupted by ignorance, superstition and poverty, is:
A. nature B. society C. religion D. reason
43. One of the three most important ideas in the Eighteenth Century Enlightenment that still has great influence today, which is identified with goodness and beauty, and is contrasted with the unnatural, is:
A. nature B. society C. religion D. reason
44. In his ‘Second Treatise of Government”, John Locke says, in effect, that legitimate governments are established by popular consent, when people decide to relinquish their rights in the state of nature to a government run by their elected representatives. This idea was incorporated into the Declaration of Independence of the United States with the phrase “________________________________”
. A. equal protection of the laws B. the consent of the governed
C. protection against search and seizure D. Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness
45. Negative freedom means:
A. freedom from government B. Laissez faire
C. A free market D. an absence of constraint or coercion.
46. Positive freedom means:
A. Government needs to take positive steps to further the health and education of the people
B. People should be encouraged to fulfill themselves
C. Social Security
D. Environmental protection
47. Two characteristic positions of the political left are: A. belief in reason, positive freedom
B. belief in reason, nationalism
C. property rights, internationalism
D. maintaining the status quo, traditional values
48. Two characteristic positions of the political right are: A. Belief in reason, positive freedom
B. belief in reason, nationalism
C. Property rights, internationalism
D. maintaining the status quo, traditional values
49. Freedom of speech is granted in: A. the Fifth Amendment B
. the First Amendment C. the Declaration of Independence D. the Second Amendment
Philosophy –
Study Guide 3 –
Natural Philosophy, Epistemology, Political Philosophy Phil-StuGu-3-NaturEpistPolit 6 50. The ______________ Amendment prevents persons from being deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.
A. Fifth
B. First
C. Tenth D. Second 51. The ______________ Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.
A. Fifth
B. First
C. Fourth
D. Second 52. The ________________ Amendment was intended primarily to ensure ci
tizenship rights to newly freed slaves.
A. Fifth B. Thirteenth
C. Fourteenth D. Nineteenth
53. The _______________ Amendment grants women the right to vote. A. Fifth B. Thirteenth
C. Fourteenth D. Nineteenth
54. The ____________________ Amendment has been used by the courts to apply the bill of Rights to the states. A. Fifth B. Thirteenth
C. Fourteenth D. Nineteenth
55. The dividing of a state, county, etc. into election districts so as to give one political party a majority in many districts while concentrating the voting strength of the other party into as few districts as possible, is the definition of: A. voter fraud B. gerrymandering
C. Title IX D. politicking
56. In the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx says, “The history of all existing society is the history of ___________________. A. job slavery B. capitalism
C. class struggles D. economics
57. The civil rights and protections in the first ten Amendments, The Bill of Rights, are granted to _____________________________________________.
A. everyone living in the United States B. American citizens
C. voters
D. everyone under American jurisdiction
58. The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) has __________ justices.
A. seven B. nine C. five D. Twelve
59. The branches of the American government are ________________________________. A. legislative, executive and judicial B. legislative, economic and judicial
C. extensive, legislative and economic D. economic, executive and judicial
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