quiz-2-with-corrections

QUIZ 2 with corrections Critical Thinking (Concordia University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university QUIZ 2 with corrections Critical Thinking (Concordia University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Bella May (yasminerabdallah@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|9573714

4/28/23, 10:12 AM eConcordia https://www.econcordia.com/my2/quiz/review.aspx?attempt=1502130 1/8 70.5 / 100 (70.5%) Critical Thinking (PHIL 210) Quiz 2: Submission Review Student ID: 40201493 First Name: Mokshada Last Name: Ramdin Started on: 13/03/2023 12:21:10 PM Completed on: 13/03/2023 1:41:34 PM Time taken: 01:20:24 Sections: Multiple Choice: 21 / 30 True/False: 16 / 20 Short Answer: 18 / 30 Short Essay: 15.5 / 20 Total Grade: Legend: Your correct response is highlighted in green . Your incorrect response is highlighted in red . If you did not select the correct answer, it will be highlighted in blue . Multiple Choice There are 10 multiple choice questions. Please select the best answer to each one. Question 1: (3 Points) Say the probability of someone random in your neighborhood having a pet rabbit is 0.20 and that the probability of someone random in your neighborhood having a typewriter is 0.25 and that the probability of someone random in your neighborhood having ice cream in their freezer is 0.75. If this is the case, then what is the probability that someone random in your neighborhood will have a pet rabbit but no ice cream in their freezer. (Assume independence.) a. 0.15 b. We do not have enough information to say c. 0.05 d. 0.32 e. 0.45 Question 2: (3 Points) Say we are 80% confident that between 70% and 85% of the apples we are picking off trees will be worm-free. Which of the following expresses the same information? a. All of these options. b. We are 90% confident that between 60% and 85% of the apples we are picking off trees will be worm-free. c. We are 70% confident that between 80 and 85% of the apples we are picking off trees will be worm-free. d. We are 80% confident that 77.5% of the apples we are picking off trees will be worm-free, but we’re giving ourselves a margin of error of 7.5%. Sign In Downloaded by Bella May (yasminerabdallah@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|9573714

4/28/23, 10:12 AM eConcordia https://www.econcordia.com/my2/quiz/review.aspx?attempt=1502130 3/8 d. a circular argument Question 8: (3 Points) The following is an example of: Everyone has read a book in the library. Therefore, there is a book everyone has read. a. a quantifier scope fallacy b. an appeal to authority c. a valid argument d. affirming the antecedent Question 9: (3 Points) If Lil’ Cheezy Cheez ranks #3 among the up and coming hip-hop artists of 2021 in Beatz Magazine and Big Bad Baggins ranks #7, then we know: a. None of the above b. Lil’ Cheezy Cheez is more popular than Big Bad Baggins c. Lil’ Cheezy Cheez sold more albums than Big Bad Baggins d. Big Bad Baggins did not promote albums as much as Lil' Cheezy Cheez Question 10: (3 Points) Suppose that enough people figure out the original Monty Hall puzzle and so the gameshow host changes things up a bit. Now there are four doors from which to choose. One and only one door has a brand-new car behind it. The other three doors have nothing behind them. You randomly select Door Three. After that, the gameshow host opens one of the remaining doors with nothing behind it. What is the best strategy? a. You should not switch since there is now a greater chance you will lose if you switch. b. It doesn’t make any difference if you switch since your chances of winning have not changed. c. You should switch since there is now a greater chance you will win if you switch. True/False There are 10 true/false questions. Please select one and only one option. Question 11: (2 Points) If more people scored a 72% on the first exam than any other score, and a passing grade is 50%, then we know that most people passed the exam. True False Question 12: (2 Points) Circular arguments are fallacies that can sometimes be deductively valid. True False Downloaded by Bella May (yasminerabdallah@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|9573714

4/28/23, 10:12 AM eConcordia https://www.econcordia.com/my2/quiz/review.aspx?attempt=1502130 4/8 Question 13: (2 Points) Kelley tried to take an ‘Environmental Ethics’ class at their university in the fall of 2021. They handed in the first paper for the course and scored 73%, before dropping the course. In the winter of 2022, they gave the course a second shot. They scored 80% on the first paper this time. We can say that Kelley saw a 108% increase from the last term with respect to their grade for the first paper for the course. True False Question 14: (2 Points) The multiple endpoints fallacy is a misdiagnosis of correlations that results from gathering data and then looking for significance after the fact, rather than first deciding on a hypothesis and then testing it. True False Question 15: (2 Points) A non sequitur is a conclusion that doesn’t follow logically from the premises. Sometimes it involves stringing together disjointed or unrelated thoughts. True False Question 16: (2 Points) Claims involving percentages are useful, as they allow us to compare data that would not be comparable by converting them all to a number out of 100 and preserve the information conveyed by the original data in the process. True False Question 17: (2 Points) If the probability of winning a certain game you play are 1/100 and you’ve played the game 98 times, losing each time, then the probability of winning will be higher next time you play. True False Question 18: (2 Points) If the median score on the mid-term exam was a 45% and a passing grade is a 50%, then at least half of the class did not pass the exam. True False Question 19: (2 Points) We know that Smith scored in the 80 th percentile on the last exam. Therefore, we know that Smith earned at least an 80% on the exam. True False Question 20: (2 Points) The mean salary at Telex Corp is $45,000 per year. It is possible that many of Telex’s employees make significantly less than this. True False Short Answer Downloaded by Bella May (yasminerabdallah@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|9573714

4/28/23, 10:12 AM eConcordia https://www.econcordia.com/my2/quiz/review.aspx?attempt=1502130 6/8 Question 26: (3 Points) If Alex invokes Kantian ideas which suggest that deceiving people (lying) is morally wrong and argues ‘Lying, as Kant demonstrates, is morally wrong. Cats lie on couches. Therefore, feline behavior is morally wrong,’ then Alex is _____. question-begging via slanting language. Total 4 words. Grade: 0 / 3 Comments: Equivocation Question 27: (3 Points) Consider two sets of data: The average difference between the numbers in Set 1 is ‘X’ and the average difference between the numbers in Set 2 is ‘X times three.’ The difference just described between both sets pertains to each set’s _____. standard deviation Total 2 words. Grade: 3 / 3 Comments: Question 28: (3 Points) “I wore my favorite green socks, and then I got the highest grade in the class on the mid-term exam. So, I better wear my favorite socks during the final exam!” The fallacy being committed here is called ______. ad hominem Total 2 words. Grade: 3 / 3 Comments: Question 29: (3 Points) The confusion involved in a Quantifier Scope Fallacy pertains to the relation between _____ and _____ quantifiers in statements. universal and existential Total 3 words. Grade: 3 / 3 Comments: Question 30: (3 Points) X represents the rate of increase in global temperature between 1970 and 2010: Every decade between 1970 and 2010, global temperature increased by X°C. If we assume that by 2050, the temperature will have increased by X°C times four, we will be guilty of ______. false presuppositions. Total 2 words. Grade: 0 / 3 Comments: Linear projection Downloaded by Bella May (yasminerabdallah@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|9573714

4/28/23, 10:12 AM eConcordia https://www.econcordia.com/my2/quiz/review.aspx?attempt=1502130 7/8 Short Essay There are two short essay questions. Your answers should demonstrate your understanding of some portion of the course material. General discussions of the subject of a question, which do not clearly relate to the course material, will receive a zero. The approximate length of the answer is between 150 and 200 words . It is okay if your answers vary a bit from this but they should not be too much shorter or longer. . Question 31: (10 Points) Answer the following in 150-200 words (warning will appear close to 150, but you may go over) What is involved in ‘Affirming the Consequent’? Why is it an instance of fallacious thinking? Provide an example to illustrate your explanation. Affirming the consequent is a conditional argument where the "if" part of the conditional statement is the antecedent while the "then" part is the consequent. Affirming the consequent is as follows, (1) If P then Q, (2) Q. Therefore, (3) P. It also half resembles Modus Tollens. However, when we test their validity by the Method of Counter-example : interpretations that makes justifies the truth of the premises but the conclusion false, the argument-structure is not valid. For example: (1) If living organisms live on land, they are mammals. (2) Snakes live on land. Therefore, (3) Snakes are mammals. Clearly, the argument is not correct because a conditional premise states that the truth of its antecedent suffices the truth of its consequent. However, it does not mean that the truth of the antecedent is necessary for the truth of the consequent. Therefore, the conditional fallacy ignores the possibility that the consequent of a conditional is true even when its antecedent is false. Total 162 words. Grade: 6.5 / 10 Comments: This is a great answer, but your example does not affirm the consequent. You've instead shown: if L, the M L therefore M it this example, only the second premise is true. Question 32: (10 Points) Answer the following in 150-200 words (warning will appear close to 150, but you may go over) Under what circumstances can one appeal to an expert opinion? How is this distinguished from the fallacy of Vicarious Authority, or an Appeal to Authority? To appeal to an expert opinion, it is important to note that no sole person counts as an entirely general authority since people & groups are authorities are only relative to a field. In order to be counted as an authority, the person or institution need to have received recognized expertise on the particular topic. The expertise consists of appropriate educational background, preferably the highest qualification. Moreover, there should be a valid reason that the opinion flows from the expert knowledge rather than from other commitments or motives. The information provided must contain a degree of consistency with broader expert opinion. Expert opinion is distinguished from the fallacy of Vicarious Authority or Appeal to Authority when there is a mismatch between the claim to be supported and the expertise of the person cited. Moreover, the intended reference to the person or institution of authority is that intelligence is an entirely general ability, when accomplishments in one cognitive domain are no guarantee of reliability in others. Moreover the arguments conflate areas of expertise that is very often merely couched in reference to the authority's intelligence. Downloaded by Bella May (yasminerabdallah@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|9573714