PHL 244 Exam 1
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Schoolcraft College *
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244
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Philosophy
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Feb 20, 2024
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Define the 5 elements of ethical informed consent.
The five elements of ethical informed consent are the patient must be competent to decide, the
patient receives an adequate disclosure of information, the patient understands the information, the patient voluntarily decides the treatment, and the patient consents to the treatment. A patient must be able to communicate their decision, understand the consequences of their choice, provide reasoning, explain their decision making, and understand
the information being disclosed. A patient must understand the nature and risk of their procedure as well as the alternatives and the expected benefits.
Define autonomy and briefly explain the elements of an autonomous decision.
Autonomy can be defined as the ability to make your own choices and go your own direction. It can be considered a form of individualism as being autonomic allows you to think about yourself and act on your own desires. The elements of an autonomous decision include liberty which is the freedom from pressure and/or coercion, agency which is the capacity for intentional action, knowledge which includes the information that is necessary for the decision, and options which indicates a choice exists.
Define Kant's understanding of moral personhood.
What does it mean to say that a being is a 'person' in the moral sense?
Kant believed persons were those that could act with self-determination and autonomy. Personhood is a status that any being can possess. Being a person in the moral sense meant that the being had an absolute or inherent value that had to be respected. This status imposed limits on what could be done to the being. It also imposed limits on what the being could do to themselves.
What is an advance directive?
When are they used and why might one be ethically important.
Be sure to give at least one example of a specific type of advance directive common to medical practice.
An advance directive is a document that is put into effect if a person becomes unable to make decisions for themselves. It identifies who the person would want to make decisions on their behalf, in the event that they are unable to make their wishes known. An example would be a Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care which is a directive for someone else to be responsible for handling the person’s affairs and making medical decisions if the person is unable to do so themselves.
Define Therapeutic vs. Non-Therapeutic Research.
Therapeutic Research entails persons that are subject for research due to their ailment. They are treated for their disease by the testing on new drugs and procedures that are said to be beneficial to both the patient and humanity. Non-Therapeutic Research entails persons that are
healthy which means this type of research is only beneficial to humanity.
Define Mill's Principle of Utility as a guide to ethical action.
Mill’s Principle of Utilitarianism identifies that the rightness and wrongness of actions is determined by the happiness or unhappiness that they cause. Mills believed that actions are morally right so long as they promote happiness and wrong otherwise promoting unhappiness. The principle of utility is that any action will cause a certain amount of happiness or unhappiness to each person affected by it and there will be a balance of either produced respectively. Overall actions are morally right when they produce a greater amount of happiness.
Explain Ross' distinction between
Prima Facie Duties and
Actual Duties.
Ross defined Prima Facie Duties as an excellent, non-absolute, permanent reason to do or not to do something. It was to make sure the prima face duty did not come into conflict with any other prima face duty and that the action is the actual duty. He believed that the right/good of an action was essential and common sense. He defined Actual Duties as the action that was more rigorous or the one that had the most of prime facie rightness.
Explain the Ethics
of Care.
The Ethics of Care is a feminine moral theory that is solely based on the female perspective emphasizing compassion, care, and relationships. It defines good as the idea of meeting the needs of others while preserving and enhancing relationships.
What is an IRB? What is its purpose and when is one required?
An IRB is an Institutional Review Board that reviews all research involving human participants. The main purpose of the IRB is to protect the human participants by protecting their welfare, rights, and privacy. One is required when research includes humans.
Explain the Nuremburg Code and its significance for ethical medical
research.
The Nuremburg Code is a set of research ethics principles set in 1947 for human experimentation as a result of the Nuremberg Trials of the Nazi War criminals at the end of World War II. It was a code of conduct governing ethics of human research. It’s significance for ethical research is that it is the foundation of good clinical practice as it requires all the elements of informed consent.
Which of the elements of informed consent do you think are the most valuable? Which
are the least? Provide reasons for both of your answers.
I believe the most valuable elements of informed consent are having the ability to make the
decision, comprehending the information, and granting consent. I believe these are the most
valuable because you cannot consciously make a decision or grant consent without being able
to comprehend the information. You must be competent enough to understand what you are
agreeing to be a part of as well as the risks and benefits, if any, that are involved. I believe that the least valuable element is the patient receiving an adequate disclosure of the
procedure/experiment. I believe this to be the least valuable because a competent person will
ask the right questions before deciding to participate. If a person feels that information is
missing, they will ask questions to fill in the gap of the information they feel wasn’t disclosed.
This is the least valuable because the right type of questions and engagement of conversation
will implement the full details of the procedure/experiment.
The goals of research and the goals of therapy are very different.
Do you think that they
conflict in any way?
Why or why not?
If son, how?
Do you think that this should prevent a patient in a therapeutic situation from participating in research?
Why or why not?
Depending on the situation, I don’t think that the goals of research and the goals of therapy conflict in any way. In my opinion, the goal of research is to discover new knowledge of a condition through the means of experimenting and the goal of therapy is to alleviate symptoms of a condition. They honestly go hand in hand. Take for example a cancer patient going through chemotherapy, without the research of how chemo affects cancer, a patient cannot successfully
receive treatment. I do not believe that the difference of these should prevent a patient from participation in research because the research may lead to a therapy that could find a permanent solution to the disease.
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