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Stress Assignment
Introduction:
Stress is a natural phenomenon that everyone will encounter at some point in their
lives. This paper will look at the research that has been done on the association
between stress and sickness, as well as the relationship between stress and
personality. The immune system is a necessary component of the human body that
helps the body resist disease and infection
(Tommasi et al., 2021). Stress's harmful
impact on the immune system will inevitably end in immunosuppression.
Immunosuppression makes the body more vulnerable to a variety of diseases.
"Immunocompetence" also refers to the immune system's ability to defend the body
against infectious diseases.
Para 1:
There is a link between stress and the immune system, according to the findings of
several research. Kiecolt-Glaser and colleagues discovered in a 1995 study that
continuous stress can impair the immune system's effectiveness (Khansari et al., 1990).
Participants in the study were carers for dementia patients, and the findings revealed
that their immune systems were impaired, leaving them more susceptible to infection.
Short-term stress can also induce immunosuppression, as demonstrated research
(Dhabhar, 2018). The students' immune systems were found to be weakened, which led
to an increased risk of contracting infections as a result of the study, which involved
students who were under duress due to upcoming final exams.
The research provides substantial support for the hypothesis that stress and the
immune system are connected. However, the investigations were conducted with
relatively small samples, limiting their generalizability. In addition, the study did not
investigate the specific mechanisms responsible for the effect of stress on the immune
system.
Para 2:
Daily difficulties and uplifts refer to minor occurrences that are related to stress and
illness and occur on a daily basis. A study conducted, minor irritations that occur daily
are more significantly associated with stress and illness than major life events.
Participants were asked to describe their day-to-day difficulties as well as any positive
experiences they had during the investigation
(Smith, 2023). Daily annoyances were
associated with higher stress and illness levels than major life events, according to the
findings.
The results of the research provide compelling evidence that there is a connection
between daily problems, tension, and illness. In contrast, the research relied on self-
report measures, which are highly prone to bias. In addition, the study did not
investigate the specific mechanisms by which daily problems contribute to stress and
illness.
Para 3:
The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) is a measurement instrument that
evaluates the impact of major life events and the stress levels associated with them.
According to the findings of study conducted, individuals who experienced a year with a
high number of significant life events had a greater likelihood of developing stress-
related disorders. A sizeable sample of individuals were asked to participate in the study
and report on the significant life experiences they had encountered during the duration
of the study. A greater number of significant life events was associated with an
increased risk of developing stress-related disorders, according to the findings.
The research provides compelling support for the hypothesis that significant life events
are associated with the development of stress-related disorders. In contrast, the study
relied on notoriously biased self-report measures
(Johnson and Davis, 2020). In
addition, the study did not investigate the specific mechanisms by which significant life
events can cause stress-related disorders.
Para 4:
Stress and illness are linked, and certain personality traits may increase a person's
likelihood of developing stress-related disorders
(Salleh, 2008). conducted research that
identified Type A and Type B personality profiles. Individuals with a Type A personality
are typically more aggressive, impatient, and competitive, while those with a Type B
personality are typically more laid-back and mellow. People with Type A personalities
were more likely to develop coronary heart disease than those with Type B
personalities, according to the findings of the study.
The research of Friedman and Rosenman conclusively demonstrates a connection
between stress, personality traits, and illness. Given the study's concentration on
coronary heart disease, it is difficult to extrapolate the findings to other diseases.
Additionally, the study relied on self-report measures, which are susceptible to bias. In
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addition, the notion that individuals have Type A or Type B personalities has been
criticized for being excessively simplistic in comparison to the actual complexity of
personality
(Glass and Carver, 2013).
Para 5:
There is a correlation between the personality trait of hardiness and an individual's
resistance to stress and illness. According to the results of a study conducted those with
high levels of resilience were less likely to develop stress-related disorders. Participants
consisted of a large sample of employees who were experiencing stress as a direct
consequence of their employment
(American Psychological Association, 2022). People
with high levels of hardiness had a lower risk of developing stress-related ailments, as
compared to those with low levels of hardiness.
The results of Kobasa's study strongly support the hypothesis that there is a correlation
between fortitude and resistance to adversity and disease. The research, in contrast,
relied on self-report measures, which are highly susceptible to bias. In addition, the
study did not investigate the specific mechanisms by which fortitude contributes to
adversity and disease resistance.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, stress has a substantial impact on the immune system, resulting in
immunosuppression and an increased risk of contracting infections. Daily issues,
significant life events, personality traits, and a person's resistance to adversity can all
lead to stress and disease. There is substantial evidence supporting the link between
stress and illness, as well as stress and personality, according to studies investigating
both topics. However, the studies' reliance on self-report measures and their narrow
focus on specific maladies limit their applicability to a broader population. Additional
research is required to fully comprehend the mechanisms by which stress affects health
and the specific personality traits that predispose individuals to stress-related maladies.
This comprehension will enhance the prevention and treatment of stress-related
diseases.
UNDERSTANDING STRESS
Question 1
a)
"The transactional model of stress proposes that stress arises from an individual's
appraisal of environmental demands and his or her perceived ability to cope with those
demands"(Masood et al., 2020).
b)
"The biological model of stress emphasizes physiological changes that occur in
response to a stressor, such as the release of stress hormones from the hypothalamus-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)"
(Wyns et al.,
2023).
c)
"The engineering stress model views stress as a physical phenomenon, similar to the
concept of strain in engineering, and focuses on the relationship between external
forces acting on an object and the resulting internal stresses within that object"(Truong
et al., 2022).
d)
The three stress models provided above each have a unique perspective on the
nature and mechanisms of stress. They do, however, share some similarities and
differences.
The transactional model of stress emphasizes the subjective character of stress and the
role of individual assessment in determining whether a situation is seen to be stressful.
Similarly, the engineering model of stress emphasizes the interaction between external
forces and interior responses, implying that stress is a physical phenomenon influenced
by both the external environment and the particular organism's features. Both models
emphasize the dynamic aspect of stress, implying that stress results from continuing
interactions between the individual and the environment.
The biological model of stress, on the other hand, focuses on the physiological
responses that occur in response to stressors. According to this paradigm, stress is
essentially a product of the body's response to external stimuli, and stress can be
harmful to one's health and well-being. The biological model, unlike the transactional
and engineering models, does not emphasize the subjective component of stress and
does not take into account the function of individual judgment or interpretation.
Question 2.
It is now widely accepted that stress has a substantial role in the onset and
advancement of a wide variety of physical and mental health disorders. The link
between stress and poor health has been the subject of a significant amount of
research, as has the impact of an individual's personality on the relationship between
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stress and health outcomes (DeLongis et al., 1988). In this essay, I will analyze the
study into the association between stress and ill health as well as the research into the
relationship between stress and personality, concentrating on major findings, limits, and
future prospects for research.
The Relationship between Stress and Ill Health
Numerous studies have come to the same conclusion: stress is linked to a wide variety
of conditions that affect both mental and physical health
(Anderson, 2013). For instance,
a connection between prolonged exposure to stress and the development of
cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Stress can make pre-existing health
conditions worse and raise the likelihood of developing mental health conditions
including anxiety and depression. There has been a significant amount of study
conducted with the purpose of determining the processes through which stress effects
health outcomes. This research has concentrated on finding physiological responses to
stress, such as changes in cortisol and immunological function.
The fact that the research on stress and ill health is frequently correlational, which
makes it difficult to determine causality, is one of the limitations of the research. On the
other hand, there have been research that have used experimental designs to study the
impact of stress on health outcomes. For instance, a study that was conducted by
Thakur and Devaraj, (2020) discovered that women who experienced chronic stress
had shorter telomeres. Telomere length is a marker of cellular aging that has been
connected to a variety of health issues. According to the findings of this study, stress
may have a role in the damage that is done to cells and may also speed up the aging
process.
Another weakness of the research on stress and ill health is that it has mostly
concentrated on the negative consequences of stress, while missing the possibly helpful
components of stress
(Smith, 2019). This is a restriction that prevents researchers from
drawing any conclusions about the relationship between stress and ill health. For
example, stress can inspire individuals to take action and improve their health
behaviors, such as increasing the amount of exercise they get or giving up smoking.
The possible beneficial benefits of stress on health outcomes should be investigated in
future research, along with the ways in which these impacts may change amongst
various groups.
The Relationship between Stress and Personality
In addition to being a component that determines the connection between stress and
health outcomes, personality has also been recognized as one of these factors.
According to research conducted by Dumitru and Cozman, (2012), people who have
specific personality traits, such as neuroticism, are more likely to feel stress and have
lower health outcomes as a direct result of this experience. According to research
conducted by Smith et al. (2019), certain characteristics of an individual's personality,
such as conscientiousness, can act as a buffer against the deleterious consequences of
stress.
One of the drawbacks of the study that has been done on the relationship between
stress and personality is that the majority of the attention that has been paid to it has
been directed toward the impact of certain personality traits, while the complex
interactions between personality and stress have been ignored. A study in which they
discovered that the association between stress and health outcomes was influenced not
only by personality factors but also by coping mechanisms
(Smith, 2019). Based on the
findings of this study, it is recommended that researchers in the future investigate how
personality, coping techniques, and stress interact with one another to predict health
consequences.
Another disadvantage of the study on stress and personality is that it has mostly
concentrated on self-reported measures of personality and stress. This is a drawback
because objective assessments of personality and stress are difficult to come by (Yang
et al., 2019). In the future, researchers should investigate the use of more objective
measures of personality, such as physiological markers or observations of behavioral
patterns, in order to gain a deeper comprehension of the mechanisms that underlie the
connection between personality, stress, and health outcomes. Numerous pieces of research have unequivocally shown a link between high levels of
stress and a variety of negative health outcomes, in addition to demonstrating the
influence of an individual's personality on both of these factors (Yang et al., 2019).
Nevertheless, this study has a few drawbacks, the most significant of which are its
overemphasis on the unfavorable effects of stress, its overemphasis on correlational
evidence, and the requirement for additional research that takes a more nuanced
approach to the question of how personality traits are related to stress. It is
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recommended that future studies investigate the potential beneficial impacts of stress
on health outcomes, the intricate relationship that exists between personality, coping
methods, and stress, and the utilization of more objective measures of personality and
stress. We can get a more thorough understanding of the relationship between stress,
personality, and health outcomes if we overcome the limitations that have been
identified (Ruisoto and Contador, 2019). This could, in the long run, lead to the
development of more effective interventions and treatments for health problems
associated to stress.
Utilizing therapies that are aimed at lowering levels of stress and increasing health
outcomes is an interesting and potentially fruitful area for future research. One
intervention known as mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) has been found to
be effective in lowering levels of stress and improving health outcomes in a wide range
of population groups. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which has been
demonstrated to be helpful in both the reduction of stress and the improvement of
mental health outcomes, is an additional strategy that shows promise. Research in the
future should investigate the efficacy of these and other stress reduction strategies in a
variety of population types, as well as the mechanisms that underlie the impacts of
these interventions.
In addition, studies ought to investigate the part played by social support in offsetting
the unfavorable impacts of stress on health outcomes. It has been discovered that
having social support is a protective factor against the adverse effects of stress, and it
has also been discovered that interventions focused at strengthening social support
may be beneficial in lowering stress and improving health outcomes. The studies that
looked at the link between stress and poor health as well as the link between stress and
personality have yielded very helpful insights into the mechanisms that are responsible
for these relationships. The nature of much of the evidence was found to be
correlational, and there is a need for more nuanced approaches to understanding the
relationship between personality and stress. However, future research holds promise for
improving our understanding of these relationships and developing effective
interventions for stress-related health problems, despite the fact that this study has
some limitations.
Question 3
A self-report study is a stress assessment method that relies on individuals describing
their own stress experiences. A questionnaire or survey is another name for this
procedure. Individuals' stress levels are measured using self-report surveys.
Participants in this method are asked to answer a series of questions about their
perspectives on stress. These questions address issues such as the frequency,
severity, and length of stresses faced by the individuals. A self-report study is research
in which participants report their own experiences, and it is highly common in the field of
stress evaluation. Self-report studies are not only straightforward to conduct, but they
also have the potential to generate useful information on individuals' stress experiences.
When it comes to gauging stress, self-report studies can be useful in a variety of ways.
To begin, they provide a cheap and productive means of data collection. Researchers
can obtain information from a large number of participants in a relatively short period of
time by employing self-report measures since they are simple to administer and can be
completed quickly. Second, the use of self-report assessments is a great tool for
studying subjective stress experiences. Using self-report measures, researchers can
gain insights into the distinctive ways that individuals feel and cope with stress. This is
because stress is a highly subjective sensation. Third, self-report assessments can be
tailored to the demands of a certain demographic or setting. Researchers can create
measurements that are sensitive to the unique demands that certain populations face,
such as people living with chronic illnesses or caregivers. However, there are a number
of disadvantages to using self-report methods to assess stress levels. One of the main
disadvantages is that they rely on people accurately reporting their personal stress
levels. This is one of the primary restrictions. Self-report measures are vulnerable to a
range of biases and mistakes in reporting, including the social desirability bias and the
recall bias. When people express what they think to be socially acceptable rather than
their actual experiences, they exhibit a social desirability bias. This can result in
incorrect conclusions. When people have difficulty recalling stressful experiences
accurately, they are considered to suffer from memory bias. Furthermore, the results of
self-report assessments may be influenced by cultural or linguistic factors that influence
how the questions are interpreted.
Self-report assessments have a variety of limitations, one of which is that they may not
capture the whole range of stress feelings. Some people may be unwilling or unable to
appropriately express their own levels of stress, or they may be oblivious of their own
levels of stress. Furthermore, self-report assessments may be unable to capture
physiological or behavioral responses to stress, such as changes in heart rate or
cortisol levels. Despite the fact that self-report studies are a useful technique for
evaluating stress, researchers must be mindful of their limitations when conducting
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investigations and interpreting the results. Despite the limitations of this method, self-
report measures remain an important tool for examining individuals' subjective
experiences of stress. They are frequently used in both research and clinical contexts.
Researchers must carefully weigh the benefits and downsides of using self-report
measures, and they must use these measures in conjunction with other measures to
gain a more comprehensive knowledge of stress and how it affects health.
Question 4
The term "biofeedback" refers to a technology that assesses a person's physiological
responses to stress and then provides real-time feedback regarding those responses
(Frazier and Parker, 2019). This method employs electronic sensors to monitor
physiological signals, such as variations in heart rate, skin conductance, and muscular
tension, followed by the display of this data on the screen of a computer or other device
(Kennedy and Parker, 2019). Individuals can use this information to learn how to better
control their physiological responses to stress and improve their coping strategies.
When using biofeedback as a stress measurement instrument, it is possible to receive
immediate feedback on physiological responses to stress; this is one of the method's
advantages
(Frazier and Parker, 2019). As a result, individuals can increase their
understanding of their own stress responses and learn how to exert control over those
responses in real time. In addition, biofeedback can be adapted to specific individuals
and their unique stressors, making it possible to conduct more targeted and
individualized therapies.
A further advantage of biofeedback is its ability to measure physiological responses that
may or may not be consciously recognized. Individuals may be unaware of subtle
changes in physiological responses, such as changes in heart rate variability that can
be detected by biofeedback (Kluge et al., 2021). This can provide beneficial information
about
the
effects
of
stress
on
the
human
body.
However, there are a few disadvantages associated with biofeedback as a stress
measurement tool. One of the disadvantages of biofeedback is the high cost and limited
availability of the necessary apparatus and training (Kluge et al., 2021). Biofeedback
requires the use of specialized apparatus and training, both of which can be expensive
and time-consuming endeavors. In addition, some individuals may not have access to
biofeedback due to their remote location or limited financial resources.
The possibility of a placebo effect is an additional disadvantage of biofeedback use.
Due to the fact that individuals are aware they are being observed, it is possible that
they will alter their physiological responses to stress inadvertently, leading to inaccurate
results. In addition, some individuals may not respond well to the training, and others
may not be able to use the feedback to effectively manage how their bodies react to
stress. Consequently, some individuals may not find biofeedback beneficial (Florjanski
et al., 2019). Despite the fact that biofeedback is an effective tool for monitoring and
managing stress, it is essential to be aware of its limitations prior to its application.
Biofeedback has numerous advantages, such as the ability to provide immediate
feedback on physiological responses to stress and the capacity to quantify responses
that may not be consciously perceived (Florjanski et al., 2019). Despite these
advantages, biofeedback can be costly and may not be accessible to everyone. When
using biofeedback to measure stress levels, one must consider not only the possibility
of a placebo effect, but also the fact that the technique is only marginally effective for
some individuals. For this reason, biofeedback should be used in conjunction with other
stress assessment techniques in order to gain a more complete understanding of how
stress affects a person's health.
Question 5
Stress is a prevalent experience for many people, and if left unmanaged, it can result in
anxiety, depression, and physical health issues. Fortunately, there are a variety of
physiological and psychological stress management strategies available to individuals.
Exercise is one physiological method to manage stress (Kos et al., 2019). Exercise has
been shown to have a positive influence on mental health, with studies demonstrating
its ability to alleviate anxiety and depressive symptoms (Sterling et al., 2019). Exercise
has been shown to have a direct effect on the physiological response to stress, in
addition to its psychological benefits. Under stress, the body releases hormones such
as cortisol and adrenaline, which can cause physical symptoms such as an elevated
pulse rate and tense muscles. However, it has been demonstrated that exercise
reduces cortisol levels and increases the production of endorphins, which are
neurotransmitters that enhance mood and reduce pain perception. Consistently,
research has supported the use of exercise to manage tension. For example,
discovered that a 12-week exercise program resulted in significant reductions in anxiety
and depression symptoms among participants. Discovered in a separate study that
chronically stressed individuals whose cortisol levels were elevated experienced
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significant reductions as a result of exercise. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of
exercise as a physiological method of stress management. Mindfulness meditation is
another psychological strategy for managing stress (Sheteiwy et al., 2021). Mindfulness
meditation involves focusing on the present moment and observing one's thoughts and
emotions without judgment (Feiss et al., 2019). This practice has been shown to be
effective in reducing stress and anxiety symptoms, and research indicates that it can
contribute to changes in brain activity and enhanced emotional regulation. Conclusion
While research on its efficacy is still ongoing, preliminary findings indicate that it may be
an effective aid for stress management. In addition, ongoing research is investigating
new techniques and applications for biofeedback, which may increase its efficacy as a
stress management instrument. Meditation, progressive muscle relaxation, and deep
breathing exercises are examples of effective relaxation techniques for stress
management. These techniques can assist in calming the mind and body, thereby
reducing the physical and mental symptoms of tension. However, they might require
consistent practice and might not be appropriate for everyone. Stress inoculation
training is a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy that teaches individuals coping
strategies and techniques to help them develop stress resilience. According to the
research, it can be an effective aid for stress management and has the added benefit of
enhancing overall psychological health.
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